Chapter 14: Nutrition for Childbearing Flashcards
Jewish pregnant women must follow a strict ___________ diet.
kosher
carbohydrates should be ___-___% of total calories
45, 65
Pregnant women need ___-___ cups of water per day
8, 10
Five food categories high in iron
meats and fish, legumes, grains, fruits, vegetables
When are iron supplements started during pregnancy?
In 2nd trimester after nausea subsides
Five foods that are a good source of vitamin C
strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, cantaloupe, peppers
Pregnant women have an increased need for sodium due to increased _______________, but excessive amounts should be avoided.
blood volume
Type of vegetarianism in which meat and dairy products are avoided but eggs are consumed
ovovegetarian
This amount of exercise is recommended in pregnant women
moderate (more exercise may need extra calories and fluids)
Vitamin C is important for the development of these three things
fetal tissue, collagen, immune system
Fats are needed for ______________ and __________ development
neurological, vision
When teaching about nutrition, teach to avoid _________ calories and eat foods that are ________________.
empty, nutrient-dense
Proteins are necessary for _______________, tissue __________, and tissue ___________.
metabolism, synthesis, repair
Total weight gain if mother is obese
11-20 lbs (5-9 kg)
Distribution: Weight gain in uterus
2.5 lbs (1.1 kg)
Proteins are increased especially in the second trimester for these two reasons
- expanding blood volume
- growth of fetal and maternal tissue
Distribution: Weight gain in maternal reserves
4-9.5 lbs (1.8-4.3 kg)
In Korea, pregnant women cannot have _______________.
duck eggs
Recommended dosage of folic acid for pregnant women 3 months and beyond
600 mcg/day
Weight loss over 2 weeks following birth
9 lbs
Heme iron is present in (plant, animal) sources, and ___% is absorbed.
animal, 25
Diets high in ______ may cause feeling of fullness before enough calories are consumed
fiber
Distribution: Weight gain in amniotic fluid
2 lbs (0.9 kg)
Alcohol in breast milk peaks at ___-____ minutes alone and ____-____ minutes with food. A breastfeeding woman should not nurse for at least _______ after alcohol consumption.
30, 60, 60, 90, 2 hours
Breastfeeding women need ______ more calories per day than nonpregnant women. _____ calories come from dietary needs, and ____ calories come from maternal stores.
500, 330, 170
Pregnant women should avoid lunch meats, hot dogs, and unpasteurized milk for this reason
These foods can have listeria monocytes which can cause listeriosis, spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, and/or fetal death
Vegetarians can increase their caloric intake by eating ________ and __________________.
snacks, higher-caloric foods
Distribution: Weight gain in placenta
1-1.5 lbs (0.5-0.7 kg)
Total weight gain if mother is of normal weight and is pregnant with twins
37-54 lbs (17-25 kg)
During the second 6 months after birth (breastfeeding), _____ extra maternal calories are needed for this reason
400, infants start eating solids
Deficiency of folic acid may cause these two conditions in the fetus
- spina bifida
- cleft lip/palate
Type of vegetarianism in which dairy products and eggs are consumed
lacto-ovovegetarian
Term for practice of eating nonfood items (occurs in 20% of pregnant women) that is associated with iron and/or zinc deficiency
pica
Distribution: Weight gain in fetus
7-7.5 lbs (3.2-3.4 kg)
Foods rich in zinc are also rich in _________.
protein
Total weight gain if mother is underweight
28-40 lbs (12.5-18 kg)
Weight loss immediately after birth
12 lbs
Pregnant women should avoid large fish (large mouth bass, salmon, raw fish) for this reason
High levels of mercury can damage fetal CNS
Dieting should be postponed for at least _________ after childbirth to recover. _________ weight loss is preferred.
3 weeks, gradual
These three foods are good sources of niacin
meats, fish, milk
In Haiti, women do not eat ________ foods after birth because they believe they will increase ________.
white, lochia (postpartum bleeding)
Calcium is transferred primarily in the ____ trimester and is needed for this
3rd, mineralization of fetal bones and teeth
Seven foods high in folic acid
- dark green leafy vegetables
- beans
- peanuts
- orange juice
- asparagus
- spinach
- fortified foods
Niacin is important for _______________.
energy release
These two nonfood items are not sources of iron and can decrease absorption of iron and other nutrients
clay, dirt
Most women need ______-_______ calories per day. This increases by _____ calories in the second trimester and _____ calories in the third trimester.
2200, 2900, 340, 452
Pregnant woman needs _______ mg of iron because there is a ___-____% increase in maternal RBCs
1000, 20, 30
Nonheme iron is present in (plant, animal) sources, and ____% is absorbed.
plant, 5
Breastfeeding returns uterus back to original size (slower, faster) due to the release of oxytocin
faster
Total weight gain if mother has a normal weight
25-35 lbs (11.5-16 kg)
Total weight gain if mother is overweight
15-25 lbs (7-11.5 kg)
If lactose intolerant, these 9 foods are alternative sources of calcium
almonds, pinto beans, Cheerios, oatmeal, English muffins, collard greens, canned salmon, canned sardines, block tofu
Four potential problems associated with pica
- microorganism or lead contamination
- constipation and intestinal blockage (clay, dirt)
- dental problems (large amounts of ice)
- decreased food intake
Type of vegetarianism in which meat and eggs are avoided but dairy products are consumed
lactovegetarian
Foods high in iron can inhibit use of ______ and _________ (may need to increase intake of these)
zinc, copper
Distribution: Weight gain in breasts
1.3-3 lbs (0.7-1.4 kg)
Zinc is important for these two things
DNA/RNA synthesis, maternal tissue growth
Fats consist of ___ g or ___% of total calories
22, 30
Distribution: Weight gain in extravascular fluids
3.5-5 lbs (1.6-2.3 kg)
Weight loss by 6 months postpartum
Within 5.5 lbs of pre-pregnancy weight (if weight gain was not excessive)
Type of vegetarianism that has the most difficulty meeting needs
vegan
Infants will used stored iron for the first ___-___ months of life
4, 6
Type of vegetarianism in which all animal products are avoided
vegan
Recommended dosage of folic acid from one month before conception to 2-3 months after conception
400-800 mcg/day
Pregnant women should avoid consumption of eggs unless they are ______________.
fully cooked
