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Nursing of Childbearing Family > Chapter 12: Conception and Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Conception and Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pre-embryonic period?

A

First 2 weeks after conception

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2
Q

How long can sperm live in the woman’s reproductive tract?

A

Most 1-2 days
Few up to 80 hours

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3
Q

Four patterns of prenatal growth and development

A
  1. cephalocaudal (head to toe)
  2. central to peripheral
  3. simple to complex
  4. general to specific
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4
Q

Decidual layer of placenta that underlies the developing embryo and forms the maternal side of the placenta

A

decidua basalis

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5
Q

Fertilization age in which skin is translucent

A

weeks 21-24

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6
Q

In the pre-embryonic period, nutrition to the embryo occurs via ___________

A

diffusion

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7
Q

Full term gestational age

A

38-42 weeks

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8
Q

Fertilization age in which implantation is complete

A

week 2

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9
Q

The secretion of hCG allows the ___________ to secrete estrogen and progesterone until the placenta takes over

A

corpus luteum

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10
Q

The (fetal, maternal) side of the placenta is rough where it attaches to the uterus

A

maternal

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11
Q

Fertilization age in which the heart is prominent and reaches the final four-chambered form

A

week 6

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12
Q

Fertilization age in which the heart is in early development

A

week 3

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13
Q

During implantation, a small amount of ____________ may occur

A

bleeding

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14
Q

How is the passage of maternal IgG antibodies beneficial to the fetus?

A

provides temporary immunity

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15
Q

two functions of progesterone in pregnancy

A
  1. changes endometrium into decidua, providing nourishment for early conceptus
  2. reduces uterine contractions and suppresses maternal reactions to fetal antigens to prevent spontaneous abortion
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16
Q

age since conception

A

fertilization age

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17
Q

Development of specialized structures is controlled by these three factors

A
  1. genetics
  2. interaction between adjacent tissues
  3. timing
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18
Q

Term in which fetal movements are felt by the mother

A

quickening

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19
Q

Fertilization age in which growth continues but growth slows

A

weeks 33-38

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20
Q

Term for endometrium after implantation

A

decidua

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21
Q

Term for fertilized ovum

A

conceptus

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22
Q

Fertilization age in which the embryo has a definite human form with continuing system refinement

A

week 8

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23
Q

Fertilization age in which the CNS begins to develop

A

week 3

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24
Q

Nutrition is provided by the _________________ until nidation

A

conceptus ball

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25
Q

Environmental agents that may cause damage (especially vulnerable during embryonic period)

A

teratogens

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26
Q

two functions of hCG

A
  1. corpus luteum persistence
  2. secretion of estrogen and progesterone in first 6-8 weeks
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27
Q

The outer cells of the morula create the ___________

A

blastocyst

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28
Q

Decidual layer of the placenta which lines the remainder of the uterine cavity

A

decidua parietalis

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29
Q

A low hCG level in a woman who thinks she is pregnant will likely result in ______________. Why?

A

miscarriage
The corpus luteum will not continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone because the zygote has not secreted enough hCG to maintain a pregnancy.

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30
Q

circulatory shunt that is a hole between the right and left atria

A

foramen ovale

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31
Q

fraternal twins are termed _____________

A

dizygotic

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32
Q

Term for largest portion of fallopian tube

A

ampulla

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33
Q

Fertilization age in which external genitalia begin to differentiate (but not yet distinct)

A

week 8

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34
Q

Continued development is dependent upon __________

A

nidation

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35
Q

fatty, cheese-like secretion of fetal sebaceous glands that protects skin from constant exposure to amniotic fluid

A

vernix caseosa

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36
Q

How do relative fetal and maternal blood carbon dioxide levels allow the fetus to survive in a low-oxygen environment?

A

More alkaline (more CO2) fetal blood and more acidic (less CO2) maternal blood allows mother’s blood to give up O2 and fetal blood to combine readily with O2

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37
Q

Oogenesis begins during ____________

A

prenatal life

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38
Q

(Early, Advanced) maternal age at increased risk of multifetal pregnancies

A

Advanced

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39
Q

The embryonic period takes place from _____________ through __________ after conception (fertilization age)

A

beginning of 3rd week, end of 8th week

40
Q

two protection functions of amniotic fluid

A
  1. cushion against impact
  2. provides stable temperature
41
Q

Fertilization age in which the four chamber heart BEGINS

42
Q

Fertilization age in which blood formation is primarily in the liver

43
Q

Fertilization age in which early heart begins beating

A

21-22 days (week 5)

44
Q

three functions of estrogen in pregnancy

A
  1. enlargement of uterus, breasts, and external genitalia
  2. growth of breast ductal system
  3. enhances uterine activity as labor begins
45
Q

Fertilization age in which the fetus has more subcutaneous fat

A

weeks 29-32

46
Q

Term for inner fetal membrane

47
Q

Spermatogenesis begins during ___________

A

puberty (in males)

48
Q

Fertilization age in which blood formation shifts to the bone marrow

A

weeks 25-28

49
Q

Gestational period in which basic structures of all major body organs are completed

A

embryonic period

50
Q

Location where exchange of substances between mother and fetus occurs (150 mL of blood is temporarily outside the maternal circulation)

A

intervillous space of the placenta (between arteries and umbilical cord)

51
Q

Part of the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst develops into the ____________

52
Q

heat-producing fat that maintains temperature stability after birth

53
Q

Complete implantation gradually occurs between days ____ and ____; _______________ continue to develop

A

6, 10; embryonic structures

54
Q

stages of fetal circulation (11 steps)

A

umbilical vein–> ductus venosus–> inferior vena cava–> right atrium–> foramen ovale–> left atrium–> left ventricle–> lungs (nutrition)–> ductus arteriosus–> aorta–> head and extremities

55
Q

two ways that fetal hemoglobin and hematocrit allows fetus to thrive in low-oxygen environment

A
  1. Hgb can carry 20-50% more oxygen
  2. higher average levels of both
56
Q

three development functions of amniotic fluid

A
  1. allows symmetric development
  2. prevents membranes adhering to fetal parts
  3. provides room and buoyancy for movement
57
Q

fine, downy hair covering fetal body to help vernix attach to skin

58
Q

Fertilization age in which fingers and toes are well defined

59
Q

Full term conception (fertilization) age

A

36-40 weeks

60
Q

The conceptus enters the uterus approximately ___________ after conception

61
Q

When do primary oocytes complete their first meiotic division (resulting in a secondary oocyte)?

A

Shortly before ovulation

62
Q

Term for outer fetal membrane

63
Q

Fertilization age in which movements strengthen and may be felt by mother

A

weeks 13-16

64
Q

How is the passage of maternal IgG antibodies harmful to the fetus?

A

This may occur if the Rh factor is positive in fetus and negative in mother. The mother’s antibodies can destroy fetal erythrocytes.

65
Q

Fertilization age in which the lungs begin to produce surfactant

66
Q

surface-active lipid that eases breathing after birth and prevents alveoli collapse

A

surfactant

67
Q

circulatory shunt that bypasses the lungs

A

ductus arteriosus

68
Q

Decidual layer of placenta which overlies the embryo and bulges into the uterine cavity as the embryo and fetus grow

A

decidua capsularis

69
Q

Fertilization age which begins with large head but body starts to grow faster

A

weeks 9-12

70
Q

Another term for implantation

71
Q

Females have all ova by __________

A

30 weeks (gestation)

72
Q

Fertilization age in which the head is large due to rapid brain growth

73
Q

circulatory shunt that bypasses the liver

A

ductus venosus

74
Q

Term for zygote with 12-16 cells

75
Q

Fertilization age in which blood formation shifts to the spleen

A

weeks 10-12

76
Q

identical twins are termed ___________

A

monozygotic

77
Q

Fertilization age in which the beating heart can be seen in a transvaginal ultrasound

78
Q

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst develops into the _________

79
Q

The zygote secretes _______ to signal that a pregnancy has begun

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

80
Q

The (fetal, maternal) side of the placenta is smooth with branching vessels covering the membrane-covered surface

81
Q

Fertilization age in which the neural tube completes closure (spina bifida is possible if does not close)

82
Q

What is necessary for the second meiotic division of oogenesis to be completed?

A

Fertilization

83
Q

Fertilization age in which growth and refinement of all systems occur

84
Q

age based on last menstrual period

A

gestational age

85
Q

Ideal location in uterus for implantation and three reasons why

A

Fundus of uterus
1. richly supplied with blood for optimal gas exchange and nutrition
2. thick lining prevents deep placenta attachment
3. limits blood loss after birth

86
Q

function of corpus luteum

A

maintains high estrogen and progesterone secretion to prepare uterine lining for fertilized ovum

87
Q

Implantation and survival of the zygote depends on the continuous supply of _____________ and _____________

A

estrogen, progesterone

88
Q

Fertilization age in which embryonic disk develops germ layers

89
Q

Fertilization age in which the vernix caseosa, lanugo, and brown fat develop

A

weeks 17-20

90
Q

How long does the mature ovum survive (and have the ability to be fertilized)?

91
Q

Fertilization age in which the fetus usually moves to a head-down position

A

weeks 25-28

92
Q

When does the secondary oocyte divide to form a mature ovum?

A

At ovulation

93
Q

Fertilization age in which the eyes, ears, and nose are widely separated

94
Q

Fertilization age in which the embryo resembles a C shape

95
Q

After the conceptus enters the uterus, it lingers in the uterus for about __________ before implantation

96
Q

four functions of human chorionic somatomammotropin (formerly human placental lactogen or hPL)

A
  1. promotes normal nutrition and growth of fetus
  2. promotes maternal breast development for lactation
  3. decreases maternal insulin sensitivity
  4. decreases utilization of glucose (makes more glucose available for fetal growth)
97
Q

Fertilization age in which fetus moves but mother cannot feel

A

weeks 9-12

Nursing of Childbearing Family (15 decks)

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