Chapter 14 Inductive And Deductive Reasoning

Question 1

inductive reasoning

Answer 1

forming generalisations (which may be probable but are not certain) from examples or sample phenomena

Question 2

deducting reasoning

Answer 2

reasoning to a conclusion from some set of premises or statements, were that conclusion follows necessarily fro the assumption that the premises are true

Question 3

confirmation

Answer 3

the attempt to find supportive or conforming evidence of one´s hypothesis

Question 4

falsification

Answer 4

proposing hypothesis and then trying to falsify them by experimental tests; the logically correct means by which science should work according to Popper (1968)

Question 5

confirmation bias

Answer 5

a greater focus on evidence apparently confirming one´s hypothesis than on disconfirming evidence

Question 6

syllogism

Answer 6

a logical argument consisting of two premises (e.g. “All X are Y) and a conclusion: syllogism formed the basis of the first logical system attributed to Aristotle

Question 7

Belief Bias

Answer 7

in syllogistic reasoning, the tendency to accept invalid conclusions that are believable and to reject valid conclusions that are unbelievable

Question 8

mental mode

Answer 8

a representation of a possible state-of-affairs in the world

Question 9

principle of truth

Answer 9

the notion that we represent assertions by constructing mental models concerning what is true but not what is false