Chapter 11 Language production

Question 1

syntactic priming

Answer 1

the tendency for the syntactic structure of a spoken or written sentence to correspond to that of a recently processed sentence

Question 2

clause

Answer 2

part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb

Question 3

phrase

Answer 3

a group of words expressing a single idea; it is smaller in scope than a clause

Question 4

• Discourse markers:

Answer 4

spoken words and phrases that do not contribute directly to the content of what is being said but still serve various functions (e.g. clarification of the speaker´s intentions)

Question 5

• Preformulation:

Answer 5

this is used in speech production to reduce processing costs by saying phrases often used previously

Question 6

• Underspecification:

Answer 6

a strategy used to reduce processing costs in speech production by producing simplified expressions

Question 7

spoonerism

Answer 7

a speech error in which the initial letter or letters of two words are switched

Question 8

Freudian slip

Answer 8

a motivated error in speech (or action) that reveals the individual´s underlying thoughts and/or desires

Question 9

speech-error effect

Answer 9

speech errors that are semantically and phonologically related to the intended word

Question 10

morphenes

Answer 10

the smallest units of meaning within words

Question 11

spreading activation

Answer 11

the notion that activation of a given node (often a word) in long-term memory leads to activation or energy spreading to other related nodes or words

Question 12

lexical bias effect

Answer 12

the tendency for speech errors to consists of words rather than nonwords

Question 13

aphasia

Answer 13

impaired language abilities as a result of brain damage

Question 14

lemma

Answer 14

abstract words processing syntactic and semantic features but not phonological ones

Question 15

lexicaliztation

Answer 15

the process of translating the meaning of the word into its sound representation during speech production

Question 16

o Broca´s aphasia:

Answer 16

o Broca´s aphasia: a form of aphasia involving non-fluent speech and grammatical errors

Question 17

o Wernicke´s aphasia:

Answer 17

o Wernicke´s aphasia: a form of aphasia, involving impaired comprehension and fluent speech with many content words missing

Question 18

anomia,

Answer 18

which is a condition caused by brain damage in which there is an impaired ability to name objects.

Question 19

o Agrammatism:

Answer 19

a condition in which speech production lacks grammatical structure and many function words and word endings are omitted; often also associated with comprehension difficulties

Question 20

o Jargon aphasia:

Answer 20

a brain-damaged condition in which speech is reasonably correct grammatically but there are great problems in finding the right words

Question 21

• Neologisms:

Answer 21

made-up words produced by individuals suffering from jargon aphasia

Question 22

• a graphemic buffer

Answer 22

a store in which graphemic info about the individual letters in a word is held immediately before spelling a word

Question 23

phonological dysgraphia

Answer 23

a condition caused by brain damage in which there is poor spelling or irregular words, reasonable spelling of regular words, and some success in spelling nonword

Question 24

surface dysgraphia

Answer 24

a condition caused by brain damage in which there are semantic errors in spelling and nonwords are spelled incorrectly