Chapter 14 - Healthcare Statistics Flashcards
ratio
a calculation that compares two quantities found by dividing one quantity by another
Consider a class that has 20 male students and 80 female students. We can think about this in several ways. We could express this simply as the ratio of men to women and write the relationship as 20:80 or 20/80. We can also simplify this by dividing both the numerator and the denominator by a number that divides evenly into both the numerator and the denominator. In this case, we could divide both by 20 to simplify this to a 1:4 ratio (or 1/4 ratio). This indicates that for every man, there are four women.
We could also consider this from the inverse perspective, i.e., the number of women relative to the number of men; in this case the ratio of women to men is 80/20 which is equivalent to 4 to 1, i.e., there are four women for every man.
proportion
A proportion is a type of ratio that relates a part to a whole. For example, in the class with with 20 men and 80 women, the total class size is 100, and the proportion of men is 20/100 or 20%. The proportion of women is 80/100 or 80%. In both of these proportions the size of part of the class is being related to the size of the entire class.
rate
Rates are a special type of ratio that incorporate the dimension of time into the denominator. Familiar examples include measurements of speed (miles per hour) or water flow (gallons per minute).
Example #1:
If a car travels 24 miles in 2 hours, its average speed is a rate of 24 miles/ 2 hours = 12 miles/hr.
mortality rate
also called death rate
the proportion of deaths occurring over a span of time in a population
attack rate
the proportion of people developing an infectious disease after exposure to a pathogen
case-fatality rate
the proportion of individuals who die after developing a disease
autopsy rate
the number of deaths receiving an autopsy per all deaths, usually expressed per 100 deaths
birth rate
the proportion of births to the total population in a place in a given time, usually expressed as a quantity per 1000 of population
proportionate mortality rate
The proportion of deaths in a specified population over a period of time attributable to different causes. Each cause is expressed as a percentage of all deaths, and the sum of the causes must add to 100%.
postneonatal
of, relating to, or affecting the human infant during the period between approximately the first month after birth and the end of the first year of life
race-specific mortality rate
A mortality rate related to a specified racial group. Both numerator and denominator are limited to the specified race.
death-to-case ratio
Number of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval.
neonatal mortality rate
number of deaths among children from just after birth to under 1 month of age
inpatient service day (IPSD)
A unit of measure that reflects the services received by one inpatient during a 24-hour period.
crude death rate
also called crude mortality rate
The total number of deaths in a given population for a given period of time divided by the estimated population for the same period of time.
gross death rate (hospital)
The number of inpatient deaths that occurred during a given time period divided by the total number of inpatient discharges, including deaths, for the same time period.
cause-specific mortality rate
The rate of death due to a specified cause
census
- the number of inpatients present in a healthcare facility at any given time
- an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals
consultation rate
The total number of hospital inpatients receiving consultations for a given period divided by the total number of discharges and deaths for the same period.
average daily census (hospital)
The mean number of hospital inpatients present in the hospital each day for a given period of time.
case mix
- A description of a patient population based on any number of specific characteristics, including age, gender, type of insurance, diagnosis, risk factors, treatment received, and resources used
- The distribution of patients into categories reflecting differences in severity of illness or resource consumption
case-mix index (CMI)
The average relative weight of all cases treated at a given facility or by a given physician, which reflects the resource intensity or clinical severity of a specific group in relation to the other groups in the classification system; calculated by dividing the sum of the weights of diagnosis-related groups for patients discharged during a given period by the total number of patients discharged
stillbirth vs miscarriage
A stillbirth is the death or loss of a baby before or during delivery. Both miscarriage and stillbirth describe pregnancy loss, but they differ according to when the loss occurs. In the United States, a miscarriage is usually defined as loss of a baby before the 20th week of pregnancy, and a stillbirth is loss of a baby at or after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Stillbirth is further classified as either early, late, or term.
An early stillbirth is a fetal death occurring between 20 and 27 completed weeks of pregnancy.
A late stillbirth occurs between 28 and 36 completed pregnancy weeks.
A term stillbirth occurs between 37 or more completed pregnancy weeks.
occasion of service
A specified identifiable service involved in the care of a patient that is not an encounter (for example, a lab test ordered during an encounter).