Chapter 14- Disorders Flashcards
Four D’s
Distressing-upsetting to person who has it
Dysfunctional- behavior/ emotion has to interfere with daily life affecting work or school etc
Deviant- not following rules of society and norms
Dangerous- to the person or someone else
Abnormality
Value judgement placed on prod
Culture bound
Only abnormal when you meet certain criteria (4d’s)
What to look for when diagnosing
Criteria in dsm5
Disorder severity
Associated features
Descriptive features-insight into behavior
Functional consequences
Different diagnosis- other possibilities
Cornorbility- disorders at the same time ex- depression and anxiety
Things to think about the dsm5
Has to be reliable- different diagnosis from different people Validity Labeling- life changing Over classification- 1953 60 disorders Dsm4+5 have over 400
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Worry warts. 60% of time worrying. Tense unable to relax. Trembling, muscle tension, muscle pain, difficulty sleeping, vomiting
Co occurs with depression and substance abuse.
Needs treatment after 6months
5-6% western culture
Twice as much in females
GAD explanations
Childhood-> adolescence
Psychodynamic says horrible thing happened in childhood.
Twin study says there’s a genetic component. Low in GABA
Cognitive says they awfulize always worst case scenarios
Behaviors says they learned to be anxious
Phobias
Anxious about a specific thing. Intense fear out of proportion. What causes them anxiety. 7-14% over lifetime, twice as common in women.
Usually an event triggers this
Evolutionary- prepared to fear certain things
Types of phobias
Arachnophobia- fear of spiders
Agoraphobia- escape might be difficult, panic attack in car elevator or at a concert
Social anxiety- socializing,performing in public , eating/writing in public, group discussions
Panic disorder
Linked with anxiety disorders. Usually are ten minutes. Feelings of overwhelming anxiety, heart palpitations chest pain shortness of breath, hyperventilation sweating choking sensation
Increase of NE-genetic
Cognitive- individuals that suffer misinterpret body signals
Obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD)
Two components
Thinking(obsessive)- obsessive thoughts, unwanted/distressful, anxiety provoking, won’t go away
Compulsive(doing or acting/ act in certain way over and over
80% have both obsessions and compulsions
Ex- mother tormented about contaminating food, uses rubber gloves and boils everything
Perspectives on OCD
Biological base- orbital frontal cortex,condate nuclei, and thalamus all overactive. Eruption of overactive thoughts. Low serotonin. Anterior cingulate cortex- compulsions, Erie defection center, no feedback loop
Cognitive perspective- irrational way of thinking
Major depressive disorder
Emotional- sad overwhelming, empty miserable anhedonia ( nothing makes you happy anymore)
Agitation and anger in teens.
Motivational-no energy, no desire or motivation
Behavioral- can’t get out of bed, may not groom, decrease in social lives
Psychomotor retardation- not wanting to do something. Everything’s exhausting
Cognitive- worthlessness in adequate, unlovable, pessimistic suicidal hopeless dark pit
Physical- headaches dizziness muscle aches and pains. Waking up too early bad sleep cycle and appetites
May be cause by a trigger ( death, divorce, loss of job) but occurs without a trigger too
Diagnosed with depression and stats
You need 5 of those symptoms present for two weeks or more. Can last a lifetime
5-6% of men 9-10% of women. 31% college students suffer
Cognitive on depression
Maladapted way of thinking
Martin seligman- pessimistic explanatory style
Ex-fight-> break up
Stable- long lasting
Global- no one in the world, out of proportion
Internal- blaming themselves
Cognitive triad
Aaron beck 3 components to depressed thinking Negative view of oneself Negative view of experiences Negative view of future
Biological component to depression
Decrease in: Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Amygdala hyperactive( blue gene) 7% smaller left frontal lobe( positive emotions) Prefrontal cortex less active
Psychodynamic on depression
Early traumatic event
10% major loss early in life
Depersonalization/ de realization
Depersonalization- detached from bodies. No self. 2% of population. Equal in men and women.
Derealization- detached from surroundings. Dream like, glass wall. Distorted
Following periods of stress of sleep deprivation.
Psychotherapy aims at reducing anxiety
Dissociative amnesia and fugue
DA- inability to recall previously stored personal info( not like ordinary forgetting). Few days to few years. Ability to talk read and perform skilled work typically intact
DF- extreme type of DA. Forgets past but flees from home surroundings. Takes on new identity. Days weeks or years they may emerge from fugue state.
Rare. Spontaneous recovery.
Types of amnesia
Localized-traumatic event
Selective- forget part of event
Generalized- loses memory for whole identity skills and world.
Systematized- one category ex-father
Continuous- lose memory for traumatic event. Can’t lay down new memories
Often caused by trauma, abuse, combat
Psychological disorder
Significant dysfunction in a persons thoughts feelings and behaviors
Adhd
Disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more three key symptoms
Extreme inattention hyperactivity and impulsivity
Biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders
Biological influences- evolution, individual genes, bran structure and chemistry
Social cultural- roles expectations definitions of normality and disorder
Psychological influences- stress trauma learned helplessness mood related perceptions and memories
Post traumatic stress disorder
Characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic incident.
Typically survivors from accidents, disasters and violent and sexual assaults.
1 in 10 women. 1 in 20 men.
Conditioning, cognition and biology of anxiety disorders
Conditioning-fearful event-> develops fear of similar events (stimulus generalization), reinforcement helps maintain them.
Cognition- learn fear by observing others.
Biology- identical twins may develop same phobias. Natural selection
Bipolar disorder
Disorder in which a person alternates between helplessness of depression and the overexcited stage of mania.
Strikes people who rely on emotional expression such as poets or artists.
Equal amount men and women.
Suicide and self injury
Canada usa Australia Finland and Austria have highest suicide rate. Whites and natives kill themselves twice as often as blacks Hispanics and Asians. Women more likely to attempt, men more likely to actually end their lives. Highest among those who are rich not religious single widowed or divorced.
25% of suicides occur on Wednesdays
Alcohol dependence 100 times more likely to commit suicide.
Depression cycle
1) stressful events interpreted through
2) brooding negative style create
3) hopes depressed state that
4) hampers the way a person thinks or acts.
Psychosis
Psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Personality disorders
Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Anxiety
Eccentric or odd behaviors
Dramatic or impulsive behaviors
Antisocial personality disorder
Disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing even towards friends and family.
Typically male.
Usually before age15
Steal fight or display unrestrained sexual behavior.
Often in combination with substance and childhood abuse.
Reduced activity in frontal lobes ( control impulses )
