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Biochemistry Exam 2 > Chapter 14: Digestion and some Chapter 15: Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Digestion and some Chapter 15: Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

Digestion will have no __________.

A

ATP Production

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1
Q

Mechanical and chemical breakdown; prep stage

  • proteins
  • -AAs
  • polysaccharides
  • sugars
  • fat
  • fatty acids
A

Digestion

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2
Q

From AAs, sugars, fatty acids

-small amount of ATP production

A

Acetyl CoA Production

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3
Q

Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP Production (90% of energy generated)

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4
Q

Stomach

A
  • pH 1-2, denaturation of proteins
  • Pepsin (protease) breaks peptide bonds
  • Protein fragments move to small intestine
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5
Q

Pepsin shows optimal activity in the _____, only one of few that can be active in these conditions.

A

Stomach

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6
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • low pH of food stimulates the release of secretin
  • secretin stimulates release of sodium bicarbonate from pancreas to neutralize pH of the food
  • Oligopeptides stimulate CCK -CCK causes secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile salts from gallbladder
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7
Q

Zymogens are…

A

Proenzymes secreted from pancreas as inactive precursors

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8
Q

Enteropeptidase activates…

A

Trypsinogen to Trypsin

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9
Q

Enteropeptidase is the only enzyme in the ________.

A

Small Intestine

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10
Q

Trypsin activates…

A

Remaining pancreatic zymogens

-only activated in SI and all at the same time

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11
Q

Zymogens start in the _______ form so that they cannot destroy the ______.

A

Inactive Pancreas

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12
Q

Pancreatic proteases hydrolyze proteins to _______ and small _______ in the intestines.

A

Animo acids and small oligopeptides (protein fragments)

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13
Q

Oligopeptides are cleaved into AAs and di- and tri- peptides by…

A

Intestinal peptidases

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14
Q

AAs are released into….

A

The blood for use by other tissues

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15
Q

Primary source of dietary carbohydrates are…..

A

Complex carbs (ie. starch - small amounts of glycogen)

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16
Q

Starch is digested by….

A

a-amylase

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17
Q

a-amylase cleaves

A

1,4-bonds NOT 1,6

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18
Q

Products of starch…

A

Maltose, maltotriose and limit dextrin (has a-1,6 bonds)

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19
Q

Maltose converted to glucose by… Maltotriose is digested by… Limit dextrin is digested by

A

Maltase a-glucosidase a-dextrinase to simple sugars

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20
Q

Disaccharides are…

A

Sucrose and Lactose

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21
Q

Sucrose

A

-present in vegetables, is cleaved to glucose and fructose by sucrase

22
Q

Lactose

A

-present in milk is degraded by lactase into glucose and galactose

23
Q

Monosaccharides are transported from intestinal cells into the bloodstream to be used as…

A

Fuel/generate energy

24
Q

The major lipids in our diet are…

A

Triacylglycerols *form lipid droplets in the stomach*

25
Q

Bile salts secreted by gallbladder insert into…

A

The lipid droplets, making them more digestible in SI Bile salts considered amphipathic

26
Q

Lipases secreted by the pancreas, convert triacylglycerols into…

A
  • 2 fatty acids
  • monoacylglycerol
27
Q

Ionized fatty acids made by lipases form…

A

Micelles

28
Q

Micelles prevent

A

exposure to water and are carried to intestinal cells for absorption

29
Q

In intestinal cells, triacylglycerols are resynthesized and packed into lipoproteins called…

A

Chylomicrons

30
Q

Chylomicrons transport triacylglycerols into the….

A

Lymph system

31
Q

Cannot directly transport triacylglycerols, so they must be ______ before they can enter the mucosal cell

A

Degraded

32
Q

Ability to maintain adequate but not excessive energy stores

A

Caloric homeostasis

33
Q

Some health consequences of being obese:

A

Diabetes Coronary heart disease Cancers Stroke Hypertension (high blood pressure)

34
Q

Short-term signals are active during

A

Only a meal

35
Q

2 Types of Short-term signals

A

CCK - generate feels of satiety by acting on hypothalamus GLP-1

-acts like CCK on brain but also acts on pancreas too and potentiates insulin action

36
Q

Long-term signals…

A

report on the overall energy status of the body

38
Q

2 Types of Long-term signals

A

Leptin - secreted by adipocytes and produces feelings of satiety (long-term); reports on status of triacylglycerol or fat stores Insulin - secreted by pancreas - reports on status of blood glucose levels (carb availibility)

39
Q

When you lack leptin or the leptin receptor, you…

A

Do not realize that you are full and will continue to eat –> obesity

40
Q

List of proteins

A
  • Pepsin
  • Secretin
  • CCK
  • Zymogen
  • Enteropeptidase
  • Trypsin
41
Q

List of carbs

A
  • a-amylase
  • malatase
  • a-glucosidase
  • a-dextrinase
42
Q

List of lipids

A
  • Bile salts
  • lipases
  • chylomicrons
43
Q

Long-term control of caloric homeostasis is regulated by:

A

Leptin and insulin

44
Q

T or F: The gall bladder secretes bile salts to neutralize the low pH of the stomach.

A

False

45
Q

T or F: Fats are a more efficient food source than glucose, because fats are more oxidized.

A

False

46
Q

T or F: Muscle contains only enough ATP to power contraction for less than a second.

A

True

47
Q

T or F: Activated carriers are common in biochemistry and often are derived from vitamins.

A

True

48
Q

T or F: NADPH is used primarily for reductive biosynthetic pathways.

A

True

49
Q

T or F: Coenzyme A is an activated carrier of two-carbon fragments.

A

True

50
Q

Metabolic pathways that involve the oxidation of fuels to generate ATP are called ____________ pathways.

A

Catabolic

51
Q

Which compound has the highest phosphoryl-group transfer potential? ATP or Phosphenolpyruvate

A

Phosphenolpyruvate

52
Q

What is the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

A

Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways.

53
Q

The role of ATP in cellular metabolism

A

The free energy released by ATP hydrolysis may be coupled to an endergonic process via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate.

54
Q

What metabolite is NOT in a high-energy state and therefore cannot release free energy for ATP generation

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate

Biochemistry Exam 2 (10 decks)

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