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Biochemistry Exam 2 > Chapter 10: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are rich in ______ groups.

A

Hydroxyl (-OH)

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2
Q

Monosaccharides are ______ and ______ that contain two or more ______ groups.

A

Aldehydes and ketones that contain two or more alcohol groups.

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3
Q

D-Ribose

A
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4
Q

D-Deoxyribose

A
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5
Q

D-Glucose

A
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6
Q

D-Mannose

A
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7
Q

D-Galactose

A
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8
Q

D-Fructose

A
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9
Q

Name the 6 key monosaccharides for biological processes.

A
  1. ) D-Ribose
  2. ) D-Deoxyribose
  3. ) D-Glucose
  4. ) D-Mannose
  5. ) D-Galactose
  6. ) D-Fructose
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10
Q

An aldehyde can react with an alcohol to form a _____.

A

Hemiacetal

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11
Q

A ketone can react with an alcohol to form a ______.

A

Hemiketal

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12
Q

The (chair/boat) form is more stable due to less steric hindrance.

A

Chair

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13
Q

a-D-Glucopyranose is an anomer that is _____ present in our blood.

A

1/3

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14
Q

The open chain of Glucopyranose is found in about ___ of our blood.

A

1%

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15
Q

B-D-Glucopyranose is an anomer that is present in about ___ of our blood.

A

2/3

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16
Q

Because of it’s open chain form, glucose can react with _____.

A

Hemoglobin

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17
Q

What is an A1c test?

A
  • Tests for glucose added to hemoglobin.
  • Allows us to take an average of someone’s blood glucose over a span of time.
  • Allows monitoring of the long-term control of blood glucose levels in diabetics (effectiveness of treatments).
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18
Q

A1c is also known as?

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

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19
Q

If you have high levels of glucose, you have …

A

High levels of the open chain reaction.

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20
Q

In non-diabetics, ____ of hemoglobin is glycosylated.

A

<6%

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21
Q

In diabetics, glycosylated hemoglobin is ____.

A

Almost 10%

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22
Q

Monosaccharides can react with ______, _____ and ______.

A

Alcohols, amines and phosphates

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23
Q

Bond formed between the anomeric carbon and an amine is called?

A

N-glycosidic bond

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24
Q

Bond formed between the anomeric carbon and a hydroxyl group is called?

A

O-glycosidic bond

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25
Q

Carbohydrates also form ____ linkages to phosphates.

A

Ester

26
Q

Maltose, a disaccharide, has what type of bond?

A

a-1,4-Glycosidic bond

27
Q

3 monosaccharides can link in over ____ ways.

A

12,000

28
Q

What class of enzymes catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds?

A

Glycosyltransferases

-Transfering glycosyl unit (like a glucose), moving 2 things together that are carbohydrates

29
Q

What % of glycosyltransferases are present in organisms?

A

1-2% (considered large)

30
Q

What are the most common disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose and maltose

31
Q

Lack of lactase (cleaves lactose) in the small intestine causes…

A

Lactose intolerance/deficiency

32
Q

Name the three storage forms of glucose.

A

Glycogen (animals)

Starch (plants)

Cellulose (plants’ structure)

33
Q

Glycogen is very large polysaccharide that is the storage form of glucose in animals. Formed with what type of linkage?

A

a-1,4-glycosidic linkage with branches formed by a-1,6-glycosidic bonds

-Has a compact structure that takes little space to store

34
Q

Starch when unbranched is called?

A

Amylose

35
Q

Starch that is branched is called?

A

Amylopectin

36
Q

Cellulose has what type of linkage?

A

B-1,4-glycosidic bonds (forms strong fibrils that form the plant’s structure)

37
Q

The protein (AA) is the largest component by weight in this carbohydrate attached to a protein?

A

Glycoprotein

38
Q

By weight, _____ are mainly carbohydrate. These play structural roles or act as lubricants.

A

Proteoglycans

39
Q

_____ are predominantly carbohydrate. Also functions as a lubricant.

A

Mucins or mucoproteins

40
Q

Carbohydrates can only react with _____

A

Side chains of AAs (must contain amines, hydroxyls or phosphate)

41
Q

Erythropoietin is an example of a _____.

A

Glycoprotein

42
Q

Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidney into the blood that stimulates the production of ____.

A

Red blood cells

43
Q

Erythropoietin enhances the stability of the protein and contains both O-linked and N-linked. Without the carbs for glycosylation present,

A

The protein degrades faster

44
Q

Proteoglycans can have as much ____ of its weight coming from carbohydrates.

A

95%

45
Q

Proteoglycans have repeating units of just two different sugars. One of two will have a strong ______.

A

Negative charge which allows interacton with water.

46
Q

Proteoglycans need to be able to be recycled. Enzymes missing to degrade proteoglycan can result in…

A

Skeletal deformation and lower life expectancy (if there is an inability to break down. Ex: Hurler’s disease

47
Q

Proteoglycans are also important components of ______.

A

Cartilage (need a molecule that can compress and be reshaped.

  • Proteoglycans have water that releases on impact and acts as a “shock absorber” and water rebinds.
  • All because of the charge of these proteoglycans
48
Q

Mucins have a massive series of ______.

A

O-linked glycans

49
Q

In mucin, there is a region of the protein backbone rich in serines and threonines and it is the site of ______.

A

Glycosylation.

50
Q

Human ABO glood groups reflect the specificity of __________.

A

Glycosyltransferases (presence or absence)

-O antigen does not have the transferases present

51
Q

Lectins (glycan-binding proteins) facilitate ________. What are selectins and what can they do?

A

Cell-to-cell interaction (can bring two cells together)

  • Interacting with the extracellular matrix
  • Selectins (class of lectins) bind to immune cells to sites of injury and allow attachment of an embryo to the mother’s uterus. Carb-driven process
52
Q

Influenza virus binds to oligosaccharides composed of ______ and ______ to allow attachment to target cells.

A

Sialic acid and Galactose

53
Q

Neuraminidase cleaves glycosidic bonds, otherwise the virus is stuck to the host. How do you fix this?

A

Tamiflu and Relenza target the neuraminidase (a neuraminidase inhibitor) to prevent the release of newly made viruses and cause an accumulation.

54
Q

Lactose, from milk, is made up of which monosaccharides?

A

Galactose and Glucose

55
Q

Which one of the following monosaccharides is used to synthesize nucleotides?

A

D-Ribose

56
Q

The major carbohydrate stored in humans is?

A

Glycogen

57
Q

Which amino acids in proteins can have O-linked sugars attached to them?

A

Serine, tyrosine and threonine

58
Q

Sucrose, also known as table sugar, is made up of which monosaccharides?

A

Glucose and Fructose

59
Q

Starch, obtained from grains, corn, flour, rice and potatoes, is a polymer of…

A

Glucose

60
Q

Which carbon is used to define the D- or L- configuration of glucose?

A

The farthest chiral carbon from the carbonyl group

61
Q

Which one of the following is NOT correct for glycoproteins?

  • Carbohydrates are attached to serine/threonine residues through O-glycosidic linkages
  • Carbohydrates are attached to asparagine residues through N-glycosidic linkages
  • Protein glycosylation enhances the correct targeting of membrane proteins
  • Protein glycosylation decreases the solubility of proteins
  • Protein glycosylation increases the stability of proteins
A
  • Protein glycosylation decreases the solubility of proteins

Biochemistry Exam 2 (10 decks)

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