Chapter 14 and 32 infection prevention and pain management Flashcards
Converts energy produced by these stimuli into electrical energy. The process begins in the periphery where a pain producing stimulus sends an impulse across a sensory peripheral pain nerve fiber (nociceptor) initiating an action potential
Transduction
Name the four psychological processes of pain
Transduction
Transmission
Perception
Modulation
Pain sensitizing substances surround the pain fibers in the extracellular fluid, spreading the pain message and causing an inflammatory response.
Transmission
Where does nerve impulses travel along
Afferent peripheral nerve fibers
Fast myelinated fibers
Send sharp localized and distinct sensations that specify the source of the pain and detects its intensity
A-delta
Slow unmyelinated fibers
Poorly localized, visceral and persistent
C
The pain impulse ascends to the brain and the CNS extracts info such as location, duration, and quality of the pain impulse
Perception
The brain releases inhibitory neurotransmitters such as endogenous opioids, serotonin, norepinephrine, and GABA. the neurotransmitters hinder the transmission of pain to help produce an analgesic effect
Modulation
Name the four neurotransmitters that are excitatory
Bradykinin
Substance p
Serotonin
Prostaglandins
Name the three neurotransmitters that are inhibitory
Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins
Where does the gating mechanism occur
Within the spinal cord
Thalamus
Reticular formation
Limbic system
What cause fight or flight response
Acute pain or low to moderate intensity and superficial pain
What is the max dose of Tylenol and aspirin in a 24-hour period
4grams
Place where microorganisms survive, multiple, and wait to transfer to a susceptible host
Reservoir
Common reservoirs
Humans Animals Insects Food Water Organic matter Inanimate surfaces (fomites)
Name vehicles
Contaminated items Water Drugs, solutions Blood Food
Name vectors
Flies Mosquito Louse Tick Flea
Having a certain dx such as measles and mounting an immune response that usually lasts a lifetime
Natural Aquired immunity
Results from the administration of a vaccine
Active immunity
Invasion of a susceptible host
Infection
Pathogens
Microorganisms
The ability to produce dx
Virulence
A place where microorganisms survive, multiply, and wait to transfer to a susceptible host
Reservoir
Secondary infection usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen
Suprainfection
Of or pertaining to the death of tissue in response to dx or injury
Necrotic
Signs and symptoms of inflammation
Fever Leukocytosis Malaise Anorexia N/v Lymph node enlargement
Foreign material
Antigen
Any healthcare procedure in which added precautions are used to prevent contamination of a person, object, or area of microorganism
Aseptic technique
Clean techniques
Medical asepsis
What are examples of medical asepsis
Hand hygiene
Barrier techniques
Routine environmental cleaning
Most common treatment for pain relief
Analgesics
Begins suddenly Usually sharp Serves as a warning Can be mild to severe Last mins up to 3 mos usually less than 6 mos Protective
Acute pain
Not protective Serves no purpose Prolonged Varies in intensity Typically lasts at least six months
Chronic pain
Pain that occurs sporadically over an extended period of time
Episodic pain
Doesn’t know what causes it
Idiopathic
Chronic pain in the absence of an identifiable physical or psychological cause or pain perceived as excessive for the extent of an organic pathological condition
Idiopathic pain
A patient senses pain at the actual tumor site or distant to the site
Referred pain
Hormones that act on the mind like morphine and opiates producing a sense of well being and reducing pain
Endorphins
Type of nerve block anesthesia in which an anesthetic is intermittently or continuously injected into the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord
Epidural infusion
Method of pain control in which the patient creates a mental image
Guided imagery
Loss of sensation at the desired site of action
Local anesthesia
Somatic and visceral free nerve endings of thinly myelinated and unmyelinated fibers
Receptors that respond to harmful stimuli
Nociceptors
Opioid
Drug substance narcotics
Least amount of stimulation that a person requires to perceive pain
Threshold
Maximum amt of pain and duration of pain that a person is willing to endure or tolerate
Tolerance
Potent hormonelike substances that act in exceedingly low doses on target organs. They can be used to treat asthma and gastric hyperacidity
Prostaglandins
Skin muscles bones
Somatic or visceral
Somatic
Three types of analgesics
Nonopioids (Tylenol and Ibuprofen)
Opioids
Adjuvant or co analgesics
Reparative phase
3rd stage of inflammatory response
Vascular and cellular responses
1st stage of inflammatory response
Exudate production
2nd phase of inflammatory response
The use of broad spectrum abx as treatment eliminates or changes normal flora leading to superinfection
Suprainfection
What PPE do you need for changing dressing
Glove and gown
If order to irrigate need eyewear
Body excretions are known as what in the chain of infection
Reservoir
