Chapter 14 Flashcards
Neurocognitive disorder often marked by severe decline in memory and other cognitive functioning
Alzheimer’s Disease
Contributing factor to neurocognitive disorder caused by problems with blood vessels
Vascular Disease
Progressive neurological disorder marked by abnormal movements that may lead to a neurocognitive disorder
Parkinson’s Disease
Neurocognitive disorder characterized mainly by deterioration in the frontal and temporal brain lobes
Pick’s Disease
Neurocognitive disorder marked by usually temporary and reversible problems in thinking and memory
Delirium
Neurocognitive problem marked by usually chronic, progressive, and irreversible problems in thinking and memory
Dementia
Diagnosis marked by severe problems in thinking and memory
Major Neurocognitive Disorder
Diagnosis marked by emerging problems in thinking and memory
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
Mass of clusters of alpha-synuclein proteins that accumulate in the brain
Lewy Bodies
Group of twisted fibers inside nerve cells of the brain
Neurofibrillary Tangle
Cluster of dead nerve cells and accumulations of amyloid proteins in the brain
Senile or Neuritic Plaque
Gradual deterioration or shrinkage of a brain area
Atrophy
Damage to the brain from extensive exposure to oxygen and related matter
Oxidative Stress
Aggressive substance produced by the body possibly to fight viruses and bacteria
Free Radical
Theory that genetic and environmental factors interact to produce substantial brain changes and mental decline
Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis
Assessment strategy involving evaluation of appearance, mood, orientation, and odd behaviors, speech, or thoughts
Mental Status Examination
Class of drugs that helps increase levels of acetylcholine in the brain
Cholinesterase Inhibitor
Psychological treatment to reduce confusion using constant feedback about time, place, person, and recent events
Reality Orientation
Psychological treatment involving practicing skills relying on external cues and mnemonic strategies
Memory Training
Ruthie is an elderly woman and has a very high fever. She normally is pretty sharp, but with this high fever she seems to be almost out of her mind. She doesn’t remember what she is doing, can’t sustain a conversation, and is generally confused about any decisions that have to be made. A week or so later, the fever subsides and Ruthie seems back to her normal self. While the fever was high, Ruthie experienced
Delirium
Brent is 51 years old. He has lately had trouble remembering things and it seems to get progressively worse each day. He would go upstairs and then forget why he went there. He would head to the grocery store, and not remember how to get there. He would have trouble recognizing basic items, like a spoon or a knife. One day, his wife found him staring at his shoelaces, unsure of how to tie them. Brent is experiencing
Presenile Dementia
Ken’s wife is very worried about him. The other day, they sat down to dinner, and he picked up his fork in genuine confusion. He could not figure out what it was for. Later that same week, he sought her out, bringing to her a stapler. He couldn’t figure out what it was. Ken has a symptom of Alzheimer’s disease known as
Agnosia
Randi was visiting her children out of state. On the third morning of her visit, she seemed suddenly very confused and had trouble moving. Her children took her to the emergency room, and after numerous tests, the doctors tell them that Randi has a blood clot that blocked a key artery in her brain. This blockage explained a lot of Randi’s dementia that they had observed. Randi has experienced a(n)
Ischemic Stroke
Kyle has recently been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. In which area of the brain is he likely to show particular damage?
Substantia Nigra
Joel goes in to interview an alcoholic patient in his neurology practice. The patient greets him as if they are old friends and they have a long conversation about how they are both from Cleveland, many friends that they have in common from there, and what parts of the city they like best. Joel has a pre-med student observing him, and when they leave the room, Joel tells the student that he has actually never met that patient before, and that the patient is from Kansas City, not Cleveland. This patient’s ability to create stories about being from Cleveland to hide his memory gaps is an example of
Confabulation
Based on epidemiological data described in your text, which of the following persons is LEAST likely to get dementia due to Parkinson’s disease?
Clarice, an African American woman
Maurice is caring for his aging father who has dementia. Maurice is very concerned that there are not adequate services to help support his dad. Maurice’s concern about availability of adequate services illustrates ________ stigma.
Structural
Ellie has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. She may have a gene on chromosome ________ that has undergone mutation, resulting in ________ .
- 21
- Overproduction of amyloid precursor protein
Tanya experienced dementia when she was in her fifties. She died by the time she was 61. The autopsy of her brain revealed that Tanya’s neurons seemed collapsed around each other. The family physician explains that this is a normal part of brain deterioration in early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, and that these collapsed neurons are called
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Which of the following statements is most accurate about oxidative stress and free radicals and their role in dementia?
Oxidative stress results from high amounts of free radicals in the brain.
According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the buildup of ________ sets in motion the circumstances that lead to diffuse brain damage associated with the dementia of Alzheimer’s disease.
Beta-Amyloid
How do cholinesterase inhibitors work?
They make acetylcholine more available by inhibiting enzymes from breaking it down.
Brandon is in the early to intermediate stages of dementia. To help him, his therapist has Brandon’s wife hang a calendar and a clock in every room so that Brandon will be more likely to remain aware of the time and date. His wife also puts up numerous family pictures and labels them so that Brandon can remember who all his loved ones are. She has arrows pointing to the kitchen, to the refrigerator, and to the bathroom to help him find his way around the house. Which form of therapy is Brandon receiving?
Reality Orientation
Cognitive impairment that is usually irreversible
Dementia
Cognitive impairment that is associated with fluctuation in deficits
Delirium
Cognitive impairment usually develops quickly
Delirium
Cognitive impairment that is associated with difficulty with focused attention
Dementia & Delirium
Senile dementia refers to the onset of dementia symptoms _______ and typically involves symptoms that are _______ those of presenile dementia.
- After age 65
- Less severe than
After suffering a stroke several years ago, Erin started having trouble reading and speaking but experienced no problems with memory or recognizing people. What type of dementia does Erin appear to have?
Vascular Disease
What type of deficit is Erin experiencing when she has trouble with some cognitive tasks (such as reading) but not others (such as recognizing people)?
Patchy Distribution of Deficits
Why is the prevalence of neurocognitive disorders in the United States expected to increase in the coming decades?
The prevalence of neurocognitive disorders increases with age, and there will be more people aged 85 and older in the coming decades.
Race and genetic predisposition appear to affect a person’s risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. Which of the following is true?
African Americans are more likely than European Americans to develop Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurocognitive disorders are _______ comorbid with one another and are frequently accompanied by _______ .
- Often
- Emotional Problems
level of concordance for Alzheimer’s for monozygotic twins
Highest
level of concordance for Alzheimer’s for same-gender dizygotic twins
Second Highest
level of concordance for Alzheimer’s for different-gender dizygotic twins
Second Lowest
level of concordance for Alzheimer’s for different-gender, nontwin siblings
Lowest
Patrick is 72 years old and suffers from a neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease and major depression. Which of the following neurochemical changes might contribute to both of his disorders?
Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
Both _______ and _______ are risk factors for dementia because they impair normal brain functioning as a result of accumulations of proteins.
- Neuritic plaques
- Lewy bodies
Research on the impact of diet on the development of dementia and other neurocognitive disorders has yielded mixed results. If you wanted to be on the safe side, however, which of the following diets does research indicate may reduce your risk for developing dementia?
Eating cantaloupe (yellow-orange fruits) and green vegetables regularly
Research suggests that people who drink _______ alcohol have a reduced risk of dementia, but this may be true only if their genetic predisposition is _______ .
- Moderate amounts of
- Weak
Which of the following factors is the best predictor of whether someone will develop dementia?
Family history of dementia
Why is it believed that exercise can be a way to prevent cognitive disorders?
It can increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor
The Dementia Rating Scale is _______ that screens for dementia, whereas the Wechsler Memory Scale is _______ that screens for memory problems.
- A questionnaire
- A cognitive assessment
Many individuals with a cognitive disorder receive treatment at a residential care facility. Which individuals are most likely to receive hospice care?
Those experiencing later, end-of-life dementia
Carlos’s father developed Alzheimer’s disease last year, and Carlos has become his primary caregiver. Which of the following is advice that would likely be helpful for Carlos in caring for his father?
Continually evaluate the level of assistance the father requires
