Chapter 12 Flashcards
What are the phases of schizophrenia
Prodromal Phase
Psychotic Prephase
Active Phase
Residual Phase
Peculiar Behaviors and Negative Symptoms
Prodromal Phase
First Positive Symptom Such as a Hallucination
Psychotic Prephase
Many Positive and Negative Symptoms
Active Phase
Low-Grade Symptoms Similar to Prodromal Phase
Residual Phase
Class of serious mental illnesses marked by a disconnect from reality
Psychotic Disorder
Lack of variety in emotional expression and speech
Flat Affect
Emotion that is unsuitable for a given situation
Inappropriate Affect
Irrational belief involving a misinterpretation of perceptions or life experiences
Delusion
Sensory experience a person believes to be true when actually it is not
Hallucination
Act of staying in a fixed stuporous state for long periods
Catatonic
Disorder marked by positive symptoms, such as delusions, negative symptoms, and disorganized behavior
Schizophrenia
Feature that is obvious and excessive and usually not present in healthy individuals
Positive Symptoms
Feature that represents a significant deficit in behavior
Negative Symptoms
Communication that is disconnected, fragmented, interrupted and/or jumbled
Disorganized Speech
Display of unusual motor symptoms
Catatonic Behavior
State of speaking very little to other people
Alogia
Inability or unwillingness to engage in goal-directed activities
Avolition
Lack of pleasure or interest in life activities
Anhedonia
Mental illness marked by symptoms of psychosis that last 1 to 6 months
Schizophreniform Disorder
Mental illness marked by psychosis and irrational beliefs, and depression or mania
Schizoaffective Disorder
Mental illness marked by one or more hallucinations without other features of schizophrenia
Delusional Disorder
Mental illness marked by hallucinations and irrational beliefs lasting 1 day to 1 month
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Mental illness marked by psychotic symptoms in a mother following the birth of her child
Postpartum Psychosis
Model that assumes early brain changes and gradual changes over life progress to full-blown symptoms
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
- Biological Vulnerabilities
- Key Brain and Neurochemical Differences
- Psychological Vulnerabilities
- Stressful Life Events, Increased Life Demands, Lack of Social Support and Intervention
- Possible Psychotic Disorder
Biological Vulnerabilities Includes
Early viruses and infections, genetic contributions, pregnancy complications
Key Brain and Neurochemical Differences Includes
Enlarged ventricles, frontal and temporal lobe differences, excess dopamine
Psychological Vulnerabilities Includes
Cognitive deficits, academic and motor problems, excessive substance use, and depression
State of understanding the thoughts and beliefs of others
Theory of Mind
Older class of drugs that works by reducing excess levels of dopamine in the brain
Typical Antipsychotic
Newer class of drugs that impact dopamine receptors and other neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin
Atypical Antipsychotic
Unwanted byproduct from certain drugs involving involuntary movements of different parts of the body
Extrapyramidal Effect
Treatment approach involving the encouragement of a patient to engage in prosocial and therapeutic activities
Milieu Therapy
Operant conditioning system in which desired behaviors are promoted through reinforcements
Token Economy
Eliana has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, which is
More of a neurosis than psychosis.
Jeremy’s sister announces that she is engaged to a fellow the family has long adored. Everyone is delighted, yet Jeremy barely reacts to the news. Later, his boss at work praises his attention to detail and suggests that Jeremy may be ready for advancement on the job, and Jeremy does not respond with happiness at all. When he gets home that night, he finds out that his dad had a major stroke and is critically ill, and Jeremy again expresses no emotion in response to this news. Jeremy has
Flat Affect
Amelia is convinced that God is sending her special, secret messages that she needs to convey to the Governor of Missouri. Amelia is experiencing
Delusions
Seeing things that aren’t there and hearing voices that aren’t there are ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.
Positive
Gordon is watching the nightly news, and believes that each story contains a special, top-secret message for him. This is an example of a(n) ________ delusion.
Referential
Jaxon has seemed really out of touch with reality for a while, but he doesn’t seem delusional or experience hallucinations. Instead, it is more as if he cannot come up with a plan of action and execute it. He doesn’t seem to realize he needs to take a shower and he doesn’t seem interested in any kind of work. Which symptom of schizophrenia does Jaxon have?
Avolition
Breckin has just moved out of the house to attend university. While at college, she becomes increasingly withdrawn socially, seems to be somewhat disorganized in her thought processes, has problems focusing attention and remembering, and seems somewhat depressed. Later on, she develops psychotic symptoms and is diagnosed with schizophrenia. But, during those first few months at university as the symptoms just are emerging, Breckin is in the ________ of the disease.
Prodromal Phase
Which person best fits the epidemiological profile for someone at risk for schizophrenia in terms of gender and age demographics?
Tyson, who is 22 years old
Which person will be best able to counteract stigma associated with a diagnosis of schizophrenia?
Amanda, who has a large network of close, supportive friends.
Ricka has recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her physician is preparing to try a medication that will
Lower dopamine levels.
Adam does not seem to understand what other people are thinking, and consequently cannot anticipate well how people might react, or read their reactions. Adam has poor
Theory of Mind
According to the two-hit model, a schizophrenia prevention program would likely target all of the following EXCEPT
a. use of foster care rather than institutional placements.
b. social skills training to improve abilities to interact with others.
c. family therapy to improve communication skills.
d. minimizing reproductive capacity of people with schizophrenia.
d. minimizing reproductive capacity of people with schizophrenia.
Christian has a lot of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Which drug will likely help improve these symptoms the MOST?
Clozapine (Atypical Medication)
Edward has been taking a typical antipsychotic drug for a while, and his parents have noticed that he is making strange grimaces with his mouth for no reason at all. His psychiatrist tells them it is a side effect to the medication known as
Tardive Dyskinesia.
Therapy for schizophrenia that focuses on eating, dressing, grooming, and interacting appropriately with others is
Milieu Therapy
Negative symptoms include behaviors, emotions, and thoughts that are considered _______ .
Deficient
Dr. Cohen is making a list of the various positive symptoms of schizophrenia he has observed in his 25-plus years as a practicing mental health specialist. Here is one of these symptoms:
The patient often reported feeling as if someone were pinching various parts of his body, even when alone.
This is an example of _______ of the _______ type.
- A Hallucination
- Tactile
A key positive symptom of schizophrenia is a delusion, characterized by an irrational belief involving a misperception of reality. Of the following three statements, select the one that is an example of a somatic delusion:
Statement 1: The events that newscasters choose to report on the evening news contain hidden messages, informing me of my next secret mission.
Statement 2: Even though the doctors tell me otherwise, I know that my body is infected with parasites.
Statement 3: Everyone who tries to tell me I am wrong when I say I am on the list to receive a Nobel Prize is secretly just jealous and can’t admit the truth.
Statement 2
Common negative symptoms in cases of schizophrenia include flat affect, alogia, avolition, and anhedonia. Which of the following symptom descriptions would most likely be included in the hospital record for a person exhibiting signs of flat affect?
The patient had no emotional reaction when told of the passing of his mother, to whom he was close.
Some people with schizophrenia develop symptoms across a series of four stages.
Before a person experiences the _______ , characterized by the presence of one’s initial positive symptoms, a person must show signs of minor disturbances in behavior and cognition during the _______ .
- Psychotic Prephase
- Prodromal Phase
Schizophrenic symptoms that disappear within six months
Schizophreniform disorder
A combination of having schizophrenic symptoms and a mood disorder
Schizoaffective disorder
Possible distress caused by false beliefs, but patient’s functioning otherwise unaffected
Delusional disorder
Ability to function regained within a few weeks after appearance of schizophrenic symptoms
Brief psychotic disorder
Researchers exploring the prevalence of schizophrenia have found that more _______ are diagnosed with the disorder than the opposite gender.
Men
Research has also been conducted on the prevalence of psychotic disorders other than schizophrenia. One possible explanation for the extremely low prevalence for _______ is that the symptoms of this disorder are highly similar to the prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia, a point at which many people would not yet seek help and thus would not be included in statistics for this disorder.
Schizophreniform Disorder
Psychotic Disorder Risk Factors: Prental Vulnerability
Genetic Contributions
Psychotic Disorder Risk Factors: Neurochemical Vulnerability
Excess levels of dopamine, causing motor problems and positive symptoms
Psychotic Disorder Risk Factors: Environmental Vulnerability
Increased life demands and stressful life events
Psychotic Disorder Risk Factors: Psychological Vulnerability
Coping with stressful life events through substance use
This developmental pathway is an example of the theory behind the neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Which of the following statements characterizes this theory?
Early prenatal vulnerabilities affect brain areas as a person ages, leading to full-blown symptoms as deficits slowly progress.
Theories proposed to explain the development of psychotic disorders also provide insight on how best to prevent them. Researchers propose a _______ for addressing the needs of children who both have a biological vulnerability for developing the disorder and have experienced an extreme environmental stressor.
Two-Hit Model of Schizophrenia
The more crucial type of assessment is the _______ because of its ability to evaluate the more covert symptoms of schizophrenia, including a person’s memory, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.
Cognitive Assessment
Biological treatment is often accompanied by psychological treatment aimed at enhancing a person’s quality of life. Here is a portion of a treatment plan for Felix, who was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia:
I want to work specifically on having Felix understand the benefits of taking medication, as well as realistically preparing for the side effects. We really need him to understand that for him to lead a stable life, he must be taking his medication.
This is an example of _______
Medication Compliance
The prognosis for many cases of schizophrenia depends on various factors. Which of the following people would you predict to have the best outcome?
A woman with good social skills and symptoms that are responsive to antipsychotics.
