Chapter 13 Flashcards
Diagnosis marked by severe problems of difficulty concentrating, high energy, and impulsivity
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Childhood diagnosis marked by negative behavior including noncompliance, argumentativeness, anger, spitefulness, and annoyance of others
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Childhood diagnosis marked by antisocial behavior such as aggression, property destruction, deceitfulness, and theft
Conduct Disorder
Diagnosis marked by delay in key areas of cognitive, daily life, and academic functioning
Developmental Disorder
Diagnosis in which one area but not many areas of functioning are affected
Limited Developmental Disorder
Diagnosis in which many areas of functioning are affected
Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Diagnosis marked by below average cognitive functioning with an onset before age 18 years
Intellectual Disability
Ability to carry out daily tasks that allows a person to be independent
Adaptive Functioning
Diagnosis associated with impairment in social interactions, impaired communication and bizarre behavior patterns
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Diagnosis marked by academic problems in reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, or some other important area
Learning Disorder
Condition that involves damage to the FMR1 gene and occurs most often in males
Fragile X Syndrome
Autosomal recessive disorder that leads to buildup of phenylalanine
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Genetic condition involving damaged red blood cells and poor oxygenation of cells
Sickle Cell Disease
Genetic condition found in Ashkenazi Jews, involving severe motor and sensory disabilities and early death
Tay-Sachs Disease
Condition caused by an extra chromosome 21 that leads to distinct physical features
Down Syndrome
Harmful agent that may affect fetuses during the prenatal stage
Teratogen
Gross brain malformation such as a problem in the closure of the neural tube
Induction Defect
Problem in cell growth and distribution in the second to fifth month of pregnancy
Migration Defect
Impairment linked less to physical factors and more to environmental ones like living in poverty
Cultural-Familial Intellectual Disability
Insertion of distinct sequence of nucleotides into an individual’s cells and tissues to treat a disorder
Gene Therapy
Structured and repetitive method of teaching various skills to a child
Discrete-Trial Training
Intensive family- and community-based therapeutic program designed to address behavioral problems in children
Multisystemic Treatment
Alec has dyslexia. This is an example of a(n)
Limited Developmental Disorder
B.J. never makes eye contact with anyone, and doesn’t like to be hugged. He doesn’t show his parents anything and doesn’t seem to care if they are showing him something. He does not speak, and prefers to play with strings. He stretches the strings out and stares at them as they dangle for long periods of time. B. J. has
Autism
Maddie has a lot of trouble with writing. If she only had to dictate her thoughts to someone, she would be fine. But if she has to move her thoughts from ideas to written prose, she really struggles—writing slowly, sometimes even letting her writing go off of the page. Maddie has which learning disorder?
Dysgraphia
Which developmental disorder is the rarest?
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
Leesa is a newborn, and has just undergone standard genetic screening that revealed a mutation on chromosome 12. Her parents are told that she must avoid consumption of meat, eggs, fish, dairy products, nuts, corn, and a variety of other products so that she will not develop an intellectual disability. What does Leesa have?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
It is best to think of preventing developmental disorders
Before and immediately after birth.
Arnold was a premature baby and participated in a research study when he was born. Now he is 2 years old and is in the follow up study to see how he is doing. The researchers want to measure his cognitive, language, motor, adaptive, and socio-emotional abilities. Which test would be most appropriate?
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd ed.)
Robin is working with a little autistic boy, trying to increase the amount of eye contact he can provide. She says, “Look at me.” He doesn’t, and then she holds his favorite candy near her eye and again says “Look at me.” As he turns his gave toward the candy, he briefly makes eye contact with Robin and she gives him the candy. What sort of treatment is Robin using with her client?
Discrete-Trial Training
Julie is very sloppy in her school work. She seems very forgetful, and has a hard time remembering what she did in school when her parents ask her about her day each evening. She loses her belongings often, and has a hard time focusing on what is going on around her. Julie would probably qualify for which diagnosis?
ADHD (Inattentive Type)
Abby is hostile and angry with others a lot. She seems to look for an argument, and is spiteful with other children. Her peers perceive her as a bully, although Abby is actually quite overly sensitive. Abby probably has
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Which age range is likely to have the greatest percentage of people with ADHD diagnoses in it?
6-12 Years
For which disorder is there likely the greatest genetic influence?
ADHD
Elliot has been identified as “at-risk” for developing a disruptive behavior disorder. Where is a prevention program MOST likely to occur to reduce his chances for a full-blown diagnosis?
School with his teachers
Dr. Cappo is a psychologist. He offers a service in which he uses behavioral observation to measure a child’s ability to sustain attention and limit impulsivity. He then uses the results of these observations to help determine if a diagnosis of ADHD is in order. What tool does he likely use to make his behavioral observations?
Continuous Performance Test II
Which of the following is a developmental pathway associated with oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder that will likely produce the best adjustment levels in adulthood?
Adolescent onset with general rebelliousness and association with deviant peers
In addition to pervasive developmental disorders, there are limited developmental disorders, which are characterized by impairment in only one or two areas of functioning. One type, learning disorders, has been identified to most likely be the result of _______ .
Changes in the brain
Jim will often hold up a handful of change to a cashier, asking the cashier to take what he owes. Cashiers often look at him strangely until he explains that he cannot calculate change.
Dyscalculia
Alex can comprehend what others are saying. However, when he tries to communicate orally, his sentences seem illogical and disconnected.
Dysphasia
Bette is able to live independently but has to have help with things like buttoning her clothes or brushing her teeth.
Dyspraxia
The trends found in these data for California reflect similar prevalence rates found in many other states and worldwide. This graph highlights, specifically, that more than 50% of cases of autism are diagnosed by ________ .
Age 4
Gender disparities are also found for diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder. The disorder is more common in ________ .
Boys
In addition to genetic and chromosomal influences, brain changes have been linked to the presence of developmental disorders. Gross malformations in the brain that cause problems in closure of the neural tube are called _______ defects, and complications caused by impaired cell growth and distribution are _______ defects.
- Induction
- Migration
High levels of _______ is a biological risk factor for autism
Serotonin
Abnormality in which chromosome is linked to autism?
Chromosome 15
Based on what researchers know about developmental disorders, some prevention strategies are employed even before a child is born. One such strategy is to use amniocentesis to _______ while the fetus is still developing.
Perform genetic testing
To assess a person’s global problem-solving skills, a clinician should use _______ , but to assess specific types of knowledge, _______ is ideal.
- A cogntivie test
- An achievement test
A clinician conducting a behavioral observation identifies that a student is predominately involved in solitary play and does not make eye contact with peers. Which form of treatment will target this area of functioning most effectively?
Socialization Training
Alyssa, another student recently diagnosed with a developmental disorder, is receiving the following treatment:
To begin with, Alyssa’s parents have been instructed to present her pictures of various objects. Then, they ask her to identify a specific object from the group of pictures they showed her. If Alyssa identifies the correct picture, her parents are to give her a reward.
This is an example of _______ , specifically _______ .
- Language training
- Receptive labeling ability
Positive long-term outcomes for people with learning and communication disorders often relate to _______ intervention and diagnosis.
Early
Several other disorders found in children appear to overlap. Specifically, _______ has characteristics also seen in children with ADHD, which complicates the diagnoses of these children.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Brian has always been intrigued with fire and would play with matches behind his parents’ house growing up. This preoccupation has grown into an obsession, and he often sets fire to abandoned buildings, simply to watch how the fire seems to grow across a structure. He also enjoys breaking mailboxes with a bat while hanging out the window of a car.
There are four categories of symptoms often present in cases of conduct disorder. The behaviors included in this scenario fall mostly under which of the four categories?
Destruction
With regard to biological factors, children with ADHD are often found to have deficiencies in dopamine and serotonin, especially in the _______ brain areas, which are involved in _______ . As a result, these deficiencies lead to an inability to _______ .
- Prefrontal
- Cognitive function
- Regulate one’s behavior
Stan was waiting in line for lunch at school when a classmate, Alyssa, got back in line about five people ahead of him, after the teacher called her out of line for a few minutes.
If Stan has a conduct disorder, which of the following interpretations is he likely to make?
I am going to remember that Alyssa just cut in line and make sure to ruin her lunch.
Ideally, risk factors are assessed on _______ basis to get an overall picture of the causes for disruptive behavior disorders. Compared to other disruptive behavior disorders, _______ relates more to biological risk factors than to environmental risk factors.
- A combined
- ADHD
Carl’s parents are speaking with a school psychologist after a preliminary assessment of his behavior was made. The psychologist noticed some discrepancies in the preliminary evaluations and now wants to _______ to get a better sense of how the child behaves in school and at home.
Conduct a behavioral observation
Because the medication most often prescribed to children with ADHD is categorized as a _______ , the most likely reason medication _______ classroom disruptions is because it helps _______ .
- Stimulant
- Reduces
- Children control impulsive behaviors
People with disruptive behavior disorders also benefit from psychological treatment, with cases involving more severe disruptive behavior often requiring _______ .
Residential treatment
