Chapter 14 Flashcards
______ _______is the planned, systematic, and coordinated introduction of air and removal of hot gases and smoke from a building.
Tactical Ventilation
If a window fails or a door is opened on the windward side of a structure, fire intensity and spread can increase significantly, creating a “_________” effect
Blowtorch
_______ and ________are two types of solar power systems that fire and emergency personnel are most likely to encounter.
Thermal and Photovoltaic
Type __ construction consists of framing materials that include wood 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 inch studs. Most structures built in cold climates mandate __-inch exterior wall cavities for increased insulation.
Type V
6 inch
Thermal or Chemical Decomposition of a solid material by heating, generally resulting in the lowered ignition temperature of the material;the Pre-ignition combustion phase of burning during which heat energy is absorbed by the fuel, which in-turn gives of flammable tars, pitches, and gases; often precedes combustion
Pyrolysis
In a compartment fire, _______ __ _____ ______ is one of the most fundamental Class A fuel characteristics influencing fire development.
Surface-to-mass ratio
Device used to secure a machine’s power switches, in order to prevent accidental re-start of the machine.
Lockout/Tagout device
Sudden, dangerously rapid increase in fireline intensity at a wildland fire; caused by any one or more of several factors, such as strong or erratic wind, steep uphill slopes, large open areas, and easily ignited fuels. (IFSTA)
Blow up
______ _____ construction is commonly found in churches, schools, mercantile buildings, and residential structures.
Type III
Home assembled on site consisting of constructed panels made of foam insulation sandwiched between sheets of plywood
Individual panels are normally __ feet wide by up to __ feet long
Panelized Home
8 feet wide by up to 40 feet long
May indicate that the fire is in the early stages of development. Watch the danger of high ceilings; they can hide the dangers of a fire that is in later stages. A _______ ______ _______can also indicate a fire above your level.
High Neutral Plane
structural members created from layers of composite plywood or OSB; these beams will ignite more easily and fail more quickly than wood members.
Laminate beams or trusses
Liquid Petroleum Gas, commonly called Propane, is stored in pressurized tanks on property where natural gas is unavailable. Propane, an odorless gas that is _____ than air, is transported by rail air and tanker truck.
Heavier
Treat the Solar power system and panels as a Class __ fire.
Class C
By reading smoke, the ISO can judge the ____ __ ____ or ____ involved and the progress of the fire
Types of fuel
Fuels
_____ __ construction typically features very few concealed spaces that contribute to fire spread.
Type IV
_____on the exterior of buildings often indicate installed reinforcements (tie rods and anchor plates) designed to reinforce weakened walls or bowstring trusses
Stars
_____ smoke is common in mid-stage heating as moisture mixes with gases and carbon as pyrolysis increases (It is also common in mid- to late-stage heating). Indication of unfinished wood burning. ________ colored smoke usually indicates Clean wood burning, such as a fire involving Structural wood members.
Brown
Carmel
Type of structural framing used in some single-story and multistory wood frame buildings; Studs are continuous from the foundation to the roof, and there may be no fire stops between the studs.
Balloon-Frame Construction
Only about ___ percent of all factory-built housing starts are modular homes.
6 percent
Cooling can extinguish solid fuels and liquid fuels with_____ ______ _____.
High Flash Points
Residential structures built after ____ burn hotter, faster, and produce more smoke with flammable properties than traditional or legacy construction.
1990
A ___ _____ can also make determining the extent of fire development more difficult.
High Ceiling
During this initial phase of fire development, radiant heat warms the adjacent fuel and continues the process of pyrolysis
Incipient Phase
Natural Gas is an odorless gas that is ______ than air. In order to detect the presence of natural gas, gas utilities use an additive called _________ to give it its distinctive rotten egg odor.
Lighter
Mercaptan
Mostly mortise and tenon, also called post and beam or brace frame.
Pre-20th Century
Standard on Manufactured Housing
NFPA 501
Rapid vaporization of a liquid stored under pressure upon release to the atmosphere following major failure
of its containing vessel. Failure is the result of over-pressurization caused by an external heat source, which causes the vessel to explode into two or more pieces when the temperature of the liquid is well above its boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure.
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
Stage of a fire at which all surfaces and objects with a space have been heated to their ignition temperature, and flame breaks out almost at once over the surface of all objects in the space
Flashover
Backdraft occurs in the ______ stage, in a space containing a high concentration of heated flammable gases that lack sufficient oxygen for flaming combustion.
Decay
Any ventilation that occurs outside of planned tactics such as ventilation from failed structural components, wind conditions, or firefighters acting outside of assigned tactics.
Unplanned Ventilation
Total amount of heat produced or released, to the atmosphere from the convective-lift phase of a fire, per unit mass of fuel consumed per unit time, expressed in Kilowatts or British Thermal Units (BtU)
Heat Release Rate
Lightweight truss design noted by the bow shape, or curve, of the top chord
Bowstring Truss
The lower fire resistive rating of lighter weight materials used in this construction makes these buildings more prone to collapse.
Type II
Best practices for backing apparatus:
Preposition lights to illuminate the area where the spotter will stand (approximately __ -__ feet
8-10 feet
Flames in the hot gas layer that indicate the hot gas later is within its flammable range and has begun to ignite; often observed immediately before a flashover.
Isolated Flames
________ ______ events at emergency incidents are a leading cause of firefighter illness and death.
Cardiac-Related
Buildings that are classified as _____ ___, noncombustible or limited combustible, construction are composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development or spread.
Type II
Ability of a structure or a material to provide a predetermined degree of fire resistance;
.
Fire Resistive
Construction type in which exterior walls, bearing walls, floors, roofs, and supports are made completely or partially of wood or other approved materials of smaller dimensions than those used in Type IV construction.
Type V
Thermal properties of a compartment include:
Maintains temperature by slowly absorbing and releasing large amounts of heat
Retention
Standard on the Rehabilitation Process for members during Emergency Operations and Training Excercises
NFPA 1584
It is estimated that more than __ percent of roof systems are constructed using a truss system.
60 percent.
Winds as slow as ____ mph can be deadly if personnel are not alert to the rapidly changing conditions.
10 mph
Structures comprised primarily of composite materials such as laminate beams or oriented strand board (OSB) and lightweight steel or wood components. Structural components are often installed prefabricated and may be secured with adhesives.
Engineered Construction
Generally, wind speeds greater than ___ mph will reduce aerial ladder load capacity.
20 mph
The ________ _______ of gases, sometimes referred to as Heat Stratification and Thermal Balance, is the tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature.
Thermal Layering
__________ represents a transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage.
Flashover
