chapter 14

Question 1

what are cultural considerations in contemporary therapies

Answer 1

recognizing and respecting cultural differences, incorporating cultural beliefs and practices, and adapting therapeutic approached to fit the clients cultural context

Question 2

what is the basis of Freuds psychoanalysis

Answer 2

focuses on uncovering unconscious motivations and conflicts through techniques like free association, dream analysis, and exploring childhood experiences

Question 3

what are psychodynamic approaches

Answer 3

emphasize the influence of the unconscious and past experiences on current behavior

Question 4

what is interpersonal psychotherapy

Answer 4

focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and communication to reduce psychological symptoms

Question 5

what is client-centered therapy in humanistic approaches

Answer 5

a therapy approach developed by carl rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness to help clients achieve self-actualization

Question 6

what are motivational therapies in humanistic approaches

Answer 6

therapies that enhance an individuals motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence, often used in addiction treatment

Question 7

what is gestalt therapy in humanistic approaches

Answer 7

focuses on increasing awareness of the present moment and integrating all aspects of the self through techniques like the empty chair

Question 8

what is experiential therapy in humanistic approaches

Answer 8

emphasizes experiencing and expressing emotions directly, often through activities, role-playing, or creative arts

Question 9

what are exposure techniques in behavioral therapies

Answer 9

methods like systematic desensitization and flooding used to reduce fear and anxiety responses by gradually exposing individuals to feared stimuli

Question 10

what is systematic desensitization

Answer 10

a behavioral threat technique that combines relaxation training with gradual exposure to a feared object or situation to reduce anxiety

Question 11

what is behavior ,edification in behavioral therapies

Answer 11

techniques like token economies and contingency management that reinforce desires behaviors and discourage unwanted ones through rewards and consequences

Question 12

what is token economy

Answer 12

uses tokens as rewards for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for privileges or items

Question 13

what is contingency management

Answer 13

provides tangible rewards to reinforce positive behaviors, often itself in substance abuse treatment

Question 14

what is modeling/vicarious reinforcement in behavioral therapies

Answer 14

learning behaviors by observing others (modeling0 and seeing others rewarded for those behaviors (vicarious reinforcement)

Question 15

what is rational-emotive therapy in cognitive therapies

Answer 15

developed by Albert ellis, it focuses on identifying and changing irrational beliefs that lead to emotional and behavioral issues

Question 16

what is negative cognitive trait in cognitive therapies

Answer 16

a concept from Aaron Becks cognitive therapy that involves negative bviews about oneself, the world, and the future, contributing to depression

Question 17

what is cognitive restricting in cognitive therapies

Answer 17

the process ion identifying and challenging negative and distorted thoughts to replace them with more realistic and positive ones

Question 18

what is cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 18

combines cognitive restructuring with behavioral techniques to address dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors

Question 19

what are third wave therapies

Answer 19

include approaches like mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and acceptance and commitment theory (ACT) that incorporate mindfulness and acceptance strategies

Question 20

what is group therapy

Answer 20

a form of therapy where a small group of individuals meet regularly to discuss their issues and support each other under the guidance of a therapist

Question 21

what is cybertherapy

Answer 21

therapy delivered through digital platforms, such as video conferencing, online chat, pr specialized apps, allowing for remote mental health support

Question 22

what are typical vs. atypical antipsychotics

Answer 22

typical is first-get drugs that primarily block dopamine receptors, often causing extrapyramidal side effects. atypical is second-gen drugs that block both dopamine and serotonin receptors, generally causing fewer motor side effects

Question 23

what are early vs. late selective antidepressants

Answer 23

early includes tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors with more side effects. later includes selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) with fewer side effects

Question 24

what is a mood stabilizer

Answer 24

medications, such as lithium or certain anticonvulsants, used to regulate mood swings in disorders like bipolar disorder

Question 25

what are anti anxiety medications

Answer 25

drugs like benzodiazepines and certain antidepressants used to reduce symptoms of anxiety

Question 26

what is psychosurgery

Answer 26

surgical procedures that alter brain structures to treat severe psychological disorders, now rarely used due to ethical concerns and advancements in other treatments

Question 27

what is electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 27

uses electrical currents to induce seizures for treating severe depression and other disorders

Question 28

what is deep brain stimulation

Answer 28

involves implanting electrodes in specific brain areas to regulate abnormal impulses, used for conditions like Parkinson’s and OCD

Question 29

what is vagal nerve stimulation

Answer 29

a treatment the sends electrical impulses to the vagus nerve to help regulate mood and reduce symptoms of depression and epilepsy

Question 30

what rTMS (repetitive trasncranial magnetic stimulation)

Answer 30

a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression and other mental health conditions

Question 31

what are problems with assessing if treatments work

Answer 31

challenges include placebo effects, individual differences, lack of standardized measures, ethical considerations, and long-term effectiveness

Question 32

what is electric therapy

Answer 32

an approach that integrates techniques from different therapeutic modalities to tailor treatment to the clients specific needs

Question 33

what is dialectical behavior therapy

Answer 33

a type of electric therapy that combines cognitive-behavorial techniques with mindfulness and acceptance strategies, primarily used to treat borderline personality disorder