chapter 11

Question 1

qualitative vs. quantitative changes in development

Answer 1

qualitative is changes in kind or type (ex: crawling to walking) quantitative is changes in amount or number (ex: height, vocab size)

Question 2

what does nature vs. nurture refer to

Answer 2

nature is the influence of generic and biology on development. nurture is the influence of environemt and experience on development

Question 3

what are cross sectional research designs

Answer 3

studies comparing different age groups at the same point in time

Question 4

what are longitudinal research designs

Answer 4

studies that follow the same group of individuals over a long period

Question 5

what are sequential research designs

Answer 5

combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs by studying multiple age groups over time

Question 6

what are the 3 stages of prenatal development

Answer 6

germinal stage: first two weeks, zygote formation and implantation

embryonic stage: weeks 3-8, organ and structure development

fetal stage: week 9 to birth, growth, and functional maturation

Question 7

what is the neural tube and its 3 parts

Answer 7

1. forebrain
2. midbrain
3. hindbrain

Question 8

what are the steps in brain development

Answer 8

birth of neurons: neurons are generated through neurogenesis

neural migration: movement of neurons to their final location

synaptogenesis: formation of synapses between neurons

synaptic pruning: elimination of excess synapses for efficiency

Question 9

how does the timing of development differ in brain areas

Answer 9

different brain areas develop at different times; basic functions (ex: motor skills) develop earlier, while higher functions (ex: decision-making) develop later

Question 10

what are the teratogens and some examples

Answer 10

harmful agents that affect prenatal development (ex: alcohol, drugs, infections)

Question 11

what are reflexes in early infant behavior

Answer 11

involuntary responses like sucking, rooting, and grasping

Question 12

what is imitation in infants

Answer 12

the ability to mimics others actions, seen even in newborns

Question 13

what is the habituation-dishabituation paradigm

Answer 13

a method to study infant learning by measuring decreased interest 9habituation) and renewed interest in new stimuli (dishabituation)

Question 14

what re the 2 rules of motor development

Answer 14

cephalocaudal rule: development progresses from head to feet

proximodistal rule: development progresses from the center of the body outward

Question 15

what are Piagets concepts of assimilation and accommodation

Answer 15

assimilation: integrating new information into existing schemas

accommodation: adjusting schemas to fit new information

Question 16

what are piagets 4 stages of cognitive development

Answer 16

1. sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): object permanence develops
2. pre operational stage (2-7 years): egocentric and symbolic thinking
3. concrete operational stage (7-11 years): logical thinking and conservation
4. formal operational stage (12+ years): abstract and hypothetical reasoning

Question 17

what is the strange situation

Answer 17

a method to study attachment by observing infant reactions to separations and reunions with a caregiver

Question 18

what are the styles of attachment

Answer 18

secure: comfortable with caregiver, distressed when separated, comforted on return

avoidant: indifferent to caregivers presence or absence

ambivalent: clingy and overly distressed by separation

disorganized: confused or inconsistent behavior

Question 19

what is egocentrism

Answer 19

inability to understand others perspectives (common in young children )

Question 20

theory of mind

Answer 20

understanding the other have different thoughts, feelings, and intentions

Question 21

what is vygotskys sociocultural theory

Answer 21

emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural tools in cognitive development, highlighting the zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding