Chapter 14 - 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A
  • Can be defined as the direction and intensity of ones effort.
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2
Q

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation

A
  • Motivating Factors can be Extrinsic (prize money, certificates) or intrinsic (attaining a PB, enjoyment, satisfaction)
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3
Q

Positive Motivation vs Negative Motivation

A

Positive Motivation – Positivie Reinforcement after individual has displayed desired behaviour. Eg- that’s terrific, well done) and should be used with beginners
Negative Motivation – Imposed after undesirable behaviour. Eg – situps, star jumps for an incorrect move during training, disapproving comments or rebukes, and demotion in grade

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4
Q

What is goal Goal Setting

A
  • Has shown to increase output by 40-50%
  • Goal setting can increase performance by encouraging dedication and persistence
  • Can be based on improving performance, achieving a certain time or place in an event, or improving certain actions or skills
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5
Q

How does Goal Setting improve Motivation

A
  • Focuses attention on important element of skill being performed
  • Activating and organising an athletes efforts
  • Encouraging Perseverance
  • Promoting the development of new learning strategies
  • Refining movements and set plays
  • Contributing towars a positive psychological state
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6
Q

3 types of Goals

A

Outcome Goals
Performance Goals
Process Goals

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7
Q

Outcome Goals

A

Outcome Goals – End results, times finishing place, ranking. Can be difficult to achieve because they are linked to factors the athlete cannot control, such as performance of others

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8
Q

Performance Goals

A

Performance Goals – Comparison of past and present performance, independent of other competitors. Lead to less anxiety and greater self-confidence because the athlete has control over their behaviour; will lead to improvement, if realistic

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9
Q

Process Goals

A

Process Goals – Actions (such as physical improvement and game strategies) that athletes must perform during a competiotn to reach peak performance. Effective at improving performance levels because they positively influence other factors such as self-efficacy and confidence

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10
Q

Define SMARTER in terms of Goal Setting

A
Goals must be:
•	Specific
•	Measurable
•	Accepted
•	Realistic
•	Time Phased 
•	Exciting
•	Recorded
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11
Q

Confidence Levels

A

Building confidence is another key way of providing motivation. Success at a sport is essential to improve confidence (at training and in comp). Self-confidence refers to an individual’s belief that they will achieve success. People who are self-confident are less likely to give up and more likely to be emotionally stable under pressure. It is important to have some self-confidence, however, it is also important not to be overconfident, as this can lead to decreased performance.

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12
Q

Optimal Arousal

A
Arousal is how ready a person is to perform an action/task. Just like confidence, arousal levels and performance levels have an inverted U relationship. 
Low arousal (boredom) can lead to a lack of motivation, perceived fatigue and overall lower performance levels. High arousal (anxiousness) can lead to muscle tension and therefore decreased coordination and performance. Optimal performance levels occur at optimal arousal levels. It is important that before physical activity or competition, arousal levels are managed effectively.
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13
Q

Arousal Reduction Techniques

A
  • Reducing Breathing Rate – Taking slow, deep breaths can help to calm the body and focus the mind on what is about to happen (e.g. Olympic diver)
  • Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)
  • Meditation – Focuses concentration internally and blocks out distractions
  • Biofeedback- feedback regarding automatic body functions such as HR, Blood Pressure and body temperature, used to bring about mental adaptation
  • Stress Inoculation Training
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14
Q

Arousal Promotion Techniques

A
  • Increasing Breathing Rate - Taking short, quick breaths can help to stimulate the central nervous system
  • Acting Energetically – May include a warm-up or some contact work (e.g. tackling practice before a football game)
  • Listening to Upbeat Music
  • Using positive self-talk
  • Energizing Imagery
  • Pre comp workout
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15
Q

Mental Imagery (Rehearsal and Simulation)

A

Mental imagery involves the individual imagining themselves performing the task before actually doing it. Also known as mental rehearsal or visualisation.
The mental image should be strong and involve as many bodily senses as possible. The use of mental imagery can actually strengthen the coordination of their muscles. Mental imagery is only effective if the individual is relaxed at the time and visualise themselves succeeding at the task. Mental imagery can improve performance by strengthening the connections between the brain and the muscles and allowing athletes to identify potential problems with their approach or technique.

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16
Q

Imagery improves performance by

A
  • Improving neural Pathways in the Brain
  • Providing a mental template of rehearsed sequences that can be used as is
  • Enabling athletes to peactise and prepare for event and eventualities they are likely to encounter
  • Prepares athletes for physical and psychological problems that don’t normally occur, so that when they do occur, responses are appropriate
  • Slowing down complex skills so that key components can be isolated and correct movements felt
  • Allowing potential technique problems to be identified
  • Allowing athletes to pre experience the achievement of goals
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17
Q

Simulation

A

Is similar to imagery. It aims to train the brain tope with circumstances faced during games. However, it takes place in a physical environment as close as possible to the competition environment. Therefore, simulation can be stronger than mental imagery as environmental senses and cues will be more realistic. However, it is not always practical.

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18
Q

Concentration

A

Concentration is the ability to focus on relevant things over an extended period of time. It also involves the ability to have an awareness of the match situation.
Concentration can be improved through the use of simulation, and learning skills so well that they are autonomous (automatic).

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19
Q

Choking

A

‘Choking’ is a term used to describe performance becoming worse seemingly due to the individual being placed under pressure. It can result in a loss of concentration and increased muscle tension, which can lead to poor performance. It can often be seen through bad decision-making and negative body language or self-talk.

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20
Q

Choking leads to

A
  • Focus shifting to a narrow internal focus
  • Impaired timing and coordination
  • Fatigue and Muscle Tension
  • Negative Self Talk
  • Decreased selective attention & Poor Judgement and Decision Making
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21
Q

Improving Concentration

A
  • Practise shutting out irrelevant cues
  • Use cue words that are instruction or motivational
  • Routines
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22
Q

WADA and the World Anti-Doping Program aims:

A
  • Protect the athletes’ fundamental right to participate in doping-free sport and thus promote health, fairness and equality for athletes worldwide; and
  • Ensure harmonised, coordinated and effective anti-doping programs at the international and national level with regard to detection, deterrence and prevention of doping
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23
Q

An Athlete might take illegal performance enhancers for a variety of personal reasons such as:

A
  • Dissatisfaction with own performance
  • Psychological Dependance
  • Self pressure and doubt
  • Lack of Confidence
  • Nervousness
  • Stress, anxiety or Depression
  • Relaxation and Socialisation
  • Belief that such practices wont cause long term harm
  • Belief they could ‘get away with it’ because of poor testing procedures
  • Being easily influenced by peers
  • A win at all costs mentality
  • Dissatisfaction with own performance
  • Psychological Dependance
  • Self pressure and doubt
  • Lack of Confidence
  • Nervousness
  • Stress, anxiety or Depression
  • Relaxation and Socialisation
  • Belief that such practices wont cause long term harm
  • Belief they could ‘get away with it’ because of poor testing procedures
  • Being easily influenced by peers
  • A win at all costs mentality
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24
Q

Environment related reasons for athletes taking illegal performance enhancers include:

A
  • Drug Culture
  • Pressure from coach, parents, public and media to win
  • Unreseasonable scheduling of events
  • Prestige and fame
  • Influence by role models
  • National honour and pride
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25
Q

Legal Strategies to improve performance

A

• Altitude Training

26
Q

Legal Diet Manipulation Strategies to improve performance

A
  • Creatine
  • Citrate
  • Protein and Caffeine (discussed earlier)
  • Fluid Replacement
  • Carbohydrate Loading
27
Q

Name the Illegal Performance Enhancing Practices

A
  • Stimulants
  • Beta blockers
  • Narcotic Analgesics
  • Diuretics
  • Anabolic Agents
  • Peptide Hormones
  • Glycoprotein Hormones
  • Analogues
28
Q

Name 3 Doping Practices

A
  • Blood Doping
  • Enhanced Oxygen Transfer
  • Pharmological, Chemical and physical (gene) manipulation
29
Q

Name 4 Stimulants

A
  • Amphetamines
  • Cocaine
  • Caffeine
  • Epherdrine
30
Q

Name 3 Narcotic Analgesics

A
  • Codeine
  • Morphine
  • Opiates
31
Q

Name 3 Polypeptide Hormones and Analogues

A
  • Human Growth Hormone
  • Corticosteroids
  • Insulin-like growth Factors
32
Q

Percieved Benefits of Stimulants

A

Mask Fatigue, increased alertness and aggression; improved muscle reaction; improved anaerobic performance

33
Q

Percieved Benefits of Narcotic Analgesics

A

Mask pain, euphoria

34
Q

Percieved Benefits of Anabolic Steriods

A

Increased muscle bulk, power and strength; increased aggression and increased speed of recovery; can train harder and longer

35
Q

Percieved Benefits of Beta Blockers

A

Reduced HR, tension and tremors; increased relaxation and AV difference

36
Q

Percieved Benefits of Diruetics

A

Used to reduce weight quickly, mask use of anabolic steroids

37
Q

Percieved Benefits of Polypetide Hormones and Analogues

A

Muscle and bone development; anti-inflammatory preparation, mask use of anabolic steroids

38
Q

Percieved Benefits of EPO or Hormonal Blood Boosting

A

Increased RBC and oxygen carrying capacity and also VO2 Max

39
Q

Perceived benefit of Blood Doping – red blood cell reinfusion

A

Increased VO2 max(possibly up to 25%); decreased fatigue

40
Q

Common Sport Use for

  • Stimulants
  • Narcotic Analgesics
  • Anabolic Steriods
  • Beta Blockers
A
  • Stimulants - Athletics, Swimming, Weight lighting, Cycling
  • Narcotic Analgesics- Any sport where injury is common
  • Anabolic Steroids - Sports requiring strength/power
  • Beta Blockers - Shooting and Archery
41
Q

Common Sport Use for

  • Diuretics
  • Polypeptide Hormones and Analogues
  • EPO or Hormonal Blood Boosting
  • Blood Doping – red blood cell reinfusion
A
  • Diuretics - Boxing, Weightlifting
  • Polypeptide Hormones and Analogues - Sports involving strength, bulk and power
  • EPO or Hormonal Blood Boosting - Endurance Events
  • Blood Doping – Tour/road cycling, Endurance Events
42
Q

High Altitude Training

A

Altitude training is quite popular amongst elite sporting clubs. At high altitude (above approximately 2000 metres), there is less oxygen in the air. This makes it harder for the body to perform physical activity, as there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen available to be used. When the brain senses this lack of oxygen, it instructs the body to produce a greater number of red blood cells (to increase the transport of oxygen).

43
Q

Acute Responses to higher altitude training include

A
  • Increased Breathing Rate
  • Increased HR
  • Reduced blood flow to the brain
  • Headache, Nausea
  • Sleeplessness,
  • Decreases in VO2 max
44
Q

How long does it take for an athlete to acclimatize to new conditions

A

These responses reduce the athletes work capacity. Takes up to 3 weeks for an athlete to acclimatise to these new environmental conditions. It usually takes and athlete 3 months to achieve greater oxygen capacity at altitude than could be attained at sea level. High altitude training adaptation will be retained for one to three months after moving back to sea level.

45
Q

Chronic Adaptations to training

A
  • Increased Erythrocyte Volume
  • Increased Haemoglobin Volume and concentration
  • Increased Blood Viscosity
  • Increased Capillarisation
46
Q

Hypoxic Tents

A

Hypoxic tents can be used to simulate sleeping at altitude. The ‘altitude tents’ simulate a high altitude environment for athletes to sleep in, and they can then get out and train normally, therefore effectively using a ‘live high, train low’ approach

47
Q

Train Low, Live High Approach

A

Living and training at altitude can have a number of side-effects including nausea and headaches. This can last up to three weeks, and therefore altitude training should be performed for at least three weeks, and up to three months, to see any real benefits. Due to these side-effects, many athletes adopt a ‘live high, train low’ approach where they live and sleep at altitude but train at normal sea level.

48
Q

Creatine Supplementation

A

Creatine supplements can slightly increase the amount of creatine that is stored at the muscle. For example, an athlete may be able to use their ATP-PC system to produce ATP for twelve seconds rather than ten (as is usual) before it is depleted. This reduces the dependency on the anaerobic glycolysis system to produce ATP in short events, and means ATP can be produced at a faster rate for a longer period of time. Are often used by athletes who require muscular power and strength.
It can lead to side-effects such as headaches, kidney problems, muscle cramps and stomach upsets.

49
Q

Citrate Supplementation

A

Citrate or Bicarbonate can be used as performance enhancers (both for the same reason). Both of these products are known as ‘buffering agents’, and reduce fatigue levels. They do this through increasing the rate at which H+ ions are able to leave the muscles – and therefore increase an athlete’s LIP. This gives the athlete an advantage as it allows them to work at a higher intensity and produce a greater amount of their ATP anaerobically.

50
Q

WADA

A

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is an international and independent organisation. Its role is to promote fairness, and coordinate and monitor the fight against doping in sport. It is funded by governments around the world. WADA established the World Anti Doping Code

51
Q

What is WADA responsible for

A
  • Implementation of and compliance to the World Anti-Doping Code (includes testing of athletes)
  • Researching new drug-detection methods
  • Education of athletes surrounding prohibited substances
  • Working with law enforcement
  • Producing an annual list of prohibited substances
  • Code Acceptance
  • Anti-Doping Coordination (ADAMS)
52
Q

The World Anti-Doping Code

A

Known as ‘the Code’, the World Anti-Doping Code is a 156-page document that allows sporting organisations across the globe to be governed by the same set of anti-doping rules with consistent penalties. WADA’s prohibited list of substances, which is updated each year, is part of the code

53
Q

Rationale of the World Anti-Doping Code

A

‘Doping’ is used to enhance performance but can have serious negative health impacts. Doping goes against the spirit of sport and fair play. The Anti-Doping Code aims to preserve what is valuable about sport.

54
Q

The values that underpin the World Anti-Doping Code are:

A
  • Ethics, fair play and honesty
  • Health
  • Excellence in performance
  • Character and education
  • Fun and joy
  • Teamwork
  • Dedication and commitment
  • Respect for rules and laws
  • Respect for self and other participants
  • Courage
  • Community and solidarity
55
Q

Doping

A

Doping is ‘the use of a prohibited substance or method to enhance sporting performance’ (ASADA 2008). WADA defines doping as the occurrence of one or more of the anti doping rule violations.

56
Q

Under the code, eight different violations are considered to be doping. These are

A
  • Presence of a prohibited substance in an athlete’s sample
  • Use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or method
  • Evading or failing to submit a sample
  • Failure to file whereabouts and multiple missed tests
  • Tampering with doping control procedures
  • Possession of a prohibited substance or method
  • Trafficking of a prohibited substance or method
  • Administration or attempted administration to an athlete of a prohibited substance or prohibited method. Can include assisting or covering up a rule violation.
57
Q

Criteria for Including Substances on Prohibited List

A

WADA has three criteria for deciding whether a substance/method should be added to its prohibited list. A substance/method is highly likely to be included if it meets two of the three criteria. The criteria are:
• The substance/method has the potential to enhance performance
• The substance/method has the potential to cause harm to athletes
• The substance/method violates the spirit of sport

58
Q

Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA)

A

The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) is an Australian Federal Government organisation that coordinates the world anti-doping code within Australia. They run a doping control program consistent with WADA’s requirements. ASADA’s purpose is to ‘protect Australia’s sporting integrity through the elimination of doping’. ASADA’s main roles are to detect and manage anti-doping rule violations within Australian sport and to deter these violations through education programs for athletes.

59
Q

ASADA’s roles are detection, deterrence and enforcement of doping control.

A

Detection involves the identification of doping violations, including doping control and investigation.
Deterrence is aimed at educating athletes about the risks and consequences of using illegal substances and methods to enhance performance.
Enforcement is in the managing of cases where a violation of anti-doping regulaions has been made, and the presentation of the facts of these cases to independent tribunals

60
Q

The FIFA doping control aims to

A
  • Uphold and preserve the ethics of sport
  • Safeguard the physical health and mental integrity of players
  • Ensure that all competitors have equal chance
61
Q

What is the purpose of the AFL illicit drug policy and how does it differ to their anti-doping code?

A

Purpose of this policy is to

  • Ensure that the AFL competition is conducted on the basis of athletic prowess and naturallevels of fitness and development, an not on any pharmacologically enhanced performance
  • Protect players from using substances that may cause acute or long term harm
  • Educate
  • Set an example

This is different to the anti-doping code as this test players for drug use out of comptetion aswell.