Chapter 14/15

Question 1

In a graph that plots prey population (Nprey) on the x-axis against the number of predator offspring produced per unit of time on the y-axis, the slope represents the

Answer 1

efficiency with which food is converted into predator population growth or reproduction (b)

Question 2

What is considered a nonlethal effect of predation?

Answer 2

reduced activity of prey

Question 3

What is an example of Mullerian mimicry?

Answer 3

A wasp with black and yellow bands

Question 4

The profitability of a prey item increases as…

Answer 4

its E/Th increases

Question 5

What caused massive declines in U.S commercial fish populations?

Answer 5

huge factory trawlers

Question 6

In the basic Lotka-Volterra equations that describe predator-prey interactions, the growth rate of the prey population (dNprey/dt) is zero when the density of predators (Npredator) is equal to…

Answer 6

r/c

Question 7

With a highly abundant prey population size, which component of the functional response is most reduced?

Answer 7

search time

Question 8

According to the Red Queen hypothesis…

Answer 8

prey must continually evolve emans of avoiding capture to avoid extinction

Question 9

The maximum number of prey consumed per predator per unit time is limited by..

Answer 9

T/Th

Question 10

Define predation

Answer 10

The consumption of living organisms by a heterotroph. (excluding scavengers and decomposers)

Question 11

What kinds of tissue do carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores eat?

Answer 11

Carnivores - animal tissue
Herbivore - plant/algal tissue
Omnivore - plant and animal tissue

Question 12

Define true predator

Answer 12

Kill its prey immediately upon capture.

Question 13

Why are grazers and browsers (types of herbivores) not considered true predators?

Answer 13

They consume only part of an individual plant, they do not kill it immediately upon eating it.

Question 14

Population growth equation

Answer 14

dN/dt = rN

Question 15

What do the variables: Nprey , c , and cNprey mean?

Answer 15

Nprey - size of prey population
c - capture efficiency of predator
cNprey - per capita prey consumption rate (# of prey consumed per predator per unit time)

Question 16

What does (cNprey)Npred tell us?

Answer 16

The total rate of predation for the population

Question 17

What is the equation for predation on a prey population?

Answer 17

dNprey/dt = rNprey - (cNprey)Nprey

Question 18

What is the equation for population growth of predator population assuming it is a function of the amount of prey consumed?

Answer 18

dNpred/dt = b(cNprey)Npred - dNpred

Question 19

In the equation for predation on prey population and for predator birth rate, what two variables show up in both and what does this mean?

Answer 19

(cNprey)Npred shows up in both. This is what causes the cyclical nature of predator/prey populations.

Question 20

Define search image

Answer 20

Ability for a predator to recognize a species as potential food.

Question 21

Define prey switching

Answer 21

When a predator switches from a preferred prey to a more abundant species it can hunt more profitably

Question 22

Define microparasites

Answer 22

Very small, short generation time, develop and multiply rapidly within the host. Associated with the term disease

Question 23

Define macroparasites

Answer 23

Larger size, longer generation time, transmits directly from host -> ost or through a carrier.intermediate host.

Question 24

Define ectoparasites

Answer 24

Live on the outside of the host

Question 25

Define endoparasites

Answer 25

Live within the host

Question 26

How can host to host transmission occur?

Answer 26

air (viruses), water (roundworms), direct contact(fleas)

Question 27

How do roundworms transmit?

Answer 27

Eggs leave the digestive tract and disperse via water and then are consumed. They then burrow into blood vessels and move into the lungs.

Question 28

Define vector

Answer 28

Organism that transmits virus between hosts

Question 29

Define definitive host

Answer 29

Parasite becomes an adult (reaches sexual maturity) in this host

Question 30

Define intermediate host

Answer 30

Host during a stage in the parasite’s life cycle. Will stay at this host until ready for next part of life cycle, then will transfer hosts.

Question 31

How does parasite population tie into population dynamics and species interactions?

Answer 31

A parasite can only develop through their life stages if it has been transmitted to the appropriate intermediate host.

Question 32

Explain the Meningeal worm life cycle.

Answer 32

Deer eats an infected snail/slug while grazing -> once in stomach, the infected larvae leave the snail and puncture the stomach wall to enter the abdominal membranes -> travel via spinal cord to the brain where they mate and produce eggs -> eggs move through bloodstream to lungs and break airsacs to enter the lungs. -> eggs are coughed up, reswallowed, then passed through digestive tract -> snails/slugs come into contact with deer feces

Question 33

What are the adaptations that hosts have to mimize parasites (6)

Answer 33

Behavioral defenses
Inflammatory response
Immune response
Internal Cysts
Scab/Cyst formations in plants
Form Galls

Question 34

What are the behavioral defenses of hosts?

Answer 34

Grooming, changing locations

Question 35

Define galls?

Answer 35

Galls are abnormal structures created by plants that expose insect larvae to predation. Each insect type has a unique gall that is formed

Question 36

Difference between inflammatory and immune response

Answer 36

Inflammatory is when WBCs and other cells attack parasite/infection
Immune is antibodies that trigger a response