Chapter 13

Question 1

The competitive exclusion principle assumes that the…

Answer 1

environmetnal conditions remain constant

Question 2

Coyote populations are lower where wolf populations are increasing because…

Answer 2

wolves directly compete with coyotes

Question 3

Various species of scavengers fighting over the carcass of a dead animal is referred to as

Answer 3

encounter competition

Question 4

The competitive exclusion principle states that

Answer 4

two close competitors cannot coexist

Question 5

Coexisting species of wild cats differ in the size of their canine teeth, which corresponds to differences in their preferred species of prey. This outcome is most likely the result of…

Answer 5

resource partitionining

Question 6

Demonstrating the occurence of interspecific competition during a field study is problematic for many reasons except…

Answer 6

competition is impossible to measure in a natural setting
(it is possible to measure!)

Question 7

In the formula, what does B represent?
dN2/dt = r2N2(1 - (N2 + βN1)/K2)

Answer 7

Competition coefficient

Question 8

One effect of decreasing wolf populations in North America is

Answer 8

range expansion for coyotes

Question 9

One way two competing species can coexist in the same area is via…

Answer 9

niche differentiation

Question 10

Hiking up an elevational gradient, you notice different species of birds becoming more dominant the higher you go. This could be because…

Answer 10

competitive abilities change along environmental gradients.

Question 11

What are the two types of interspecific competition and whats the difference?

Answer 11

Exploitation: gathering up resources
Interference: actively preventing resource consumption

Question 12

What are the 3 types of exploitation competition?

Answer 12

Consumption
Overgrowth
Encounter

Question 13

Define Consumption Competition

Answer 13

Individuals of one species inhibit individuals of another by consuming a shared resource

Question 14

Define Overgrowth competition

Answer 14

Individuals of one species grow over individuals of other species, inhibiting access to a resource

Question 15

Define encounter competition

Answer 15

non-territorial encounters between individuals of different species affect one or more of the species involved.

Question 16

What are the 3 types of interference competition?

Answer 16

Preemption
Chemical Interaction
Territorial

Question 17

Define preemption competition

Answer 17

Individuals of one species prevent occupation of an area by individuals of another species (NOT TERRITORIAL)

Question 18

Define chemical interaction competition

Answer 18

Individuals of one species release growth inhibitors or toxins that inhibit/kill other species

Question 19

Define allelopathy

Answer 19

Type of chemical interaction competition. Occurs in plants and is the secretion of chemicals that inhibits germination of other species.

Question 20

Define territorial competition

Answer 20

Behavior of one species that excludes another species from a specific location that is defended as a territory

Question 21

Define competition coefficient

Answer 21

Factors that convert an individual of the competing species into the equivalent number of individuals of the species whose growth is being examined.

Question 22

What is the Lotka-Volterra Model?

Answer 22

Model showing the possible outcomes of competition for a species.

Question 23

Define zero-growth isocline

Answer 23

Combined values of the population size for species 1 and 2 when dN/dt = 0 for both species. (ONLY HAPPENS WHEN COMBINED POPULATION SIZES ARE = TO K)

Question 24

How do you find the zero-growth isocline?

Answer 24

Determine when either:
(1-(N1+(alpha)N2)/K1) = 0 and
K1 = N1 + (alpha)N2 OR
(1-(N2+(beta)N1)/K2) = 0 and
K2 = N2 + (beta)N1
(change in species 1/2 population is equal to 0)

Question 25

Define competitive exclusion principle and the 2 requirements

Answer 25

States that complete competitors cannot exist.
- Competitors require exactly the same resources
- Environmental conditions must remain constant