Chapter 10

Question 1

What are the 3 areas of energy allocation?

Answer 1

Growth, development, reproduction

Question 2

How do trade-offs affect their life history?

Answer 2

Allocating resources to a certain area reduces the amount of resources for another. This shapes the life history of an organism.

Question 3

What are some examples of trade-offs being made by the organism?

Answer 3

• reproduction mode
• age at first reproduction
• allocation for reproduction
• number and size of eggs/young/seeds
• timing of reproduction

Question 4

The behavioral, physiological, and energetic activities involved in current reproduction results in…

Answer 4

reduced future survival, fecundity, and growth

Question 5

Any insect larva that is immediately ready to move and feed after birth is termed…

Answer 5

precocial

Question 6

In the presence of predators, some tadpoles grow larger and more colorful tails to avoid lethal strikes to the head. The ability to respond to the environment via morphological traits is known as…

Answer 6

phenotypic plasticity

Question 7

Reproductive success of an organism is best measured by its

Answer 7

number of offspring that survive to reproduce.

Question 8

A female exhibits two major approaches in choosing a mate, selecting either the phenotypic characteristics of the mate or the..

Answer 8

ability of the male to provide resources.

Question 9

Early sexual maturity is predicted to result in

Answer 9

higher reproduction earlier in life

Question 10

Members of the California sheephead fish species begin their life as females and then become males. This is referred to as..

Answer 10

sequential hermaphroditism

Question 11

Which of the following would be most attractive to a female hummingbird? A male protecting a territory with…
a, many nectar feeding animals
b. many other males
c. many predators
d. many nectar bearing flowers

Answer 11

d. many nectar bearing flowers

Question 12

Pacific salmon migrate upstream and after breeding, soon die. They are termed…

Answer 12

semelparous

Question 13

In long-lived species of organisms, the primary advantage of delaying reproduction (late maturity) is…

Answer 13

larger initial body size during the first reproduction event.

Question 14

What are the intrinsic factors that impose constraints on life history? (4)

Answer 14

-evolutionary history of species
-developmental patterns
-genetics
-physiology

Question 15

Benefits of asexual reproduction (2)

Answer 15

-Offspring are genetically identical to parent so are already adapted to he local environment
-All individuals are able to reproduce, giving potential for high population growth

Question 15

What are the extrinsic factors that influence survivorship and mortality?(2)

Answer 15

-physical environment
-presence of predators/competitors

Question 16

Costs of asexual reproduction (2)

Answer 16

-Loss of genetic recombination, causing no variation among offspring
-Lack of variation means decreased ability to respond to changes in environmental

Question 17

Benefits of sexual reproduction(3)

Answer 17

-Recombination leads to a population in whcih each individual is genetically unique
-There is an increase in the range of potential responses to environmental changes
-Population is more stable to environmental changes ue to their recombinant genes

Question 18

Costs of sexual reproduction (4)

Answer 18

-Each offspring only carries half of a parent’s gene
-Gene selection is random, an offspring may get unhelpful genes
-Requires specialized reproductive organs
-Production of gametes and mating are energetically expensive, and the expense is not shared equally

Question 19

Define dioecious and a pro

Answer 19

Plants have separate male and female parts
Pro: Maximizes genetic diversity

Question 20

Define hermaphroditic and a pro

Answer 20

Individuals with perfect flowers. male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.
Pro: maximizes fecundity
Con: decreases genetic diversity

Question 21

Define monoecious and a pro

Answer 21

Individuals with imperfect flowers. Separate male and female flowers on the same plant.
Pro: Reduction of self-pollination

Question 22

Define simultaneous hermaphrodites

Answer 22

at the same time, an organisms male organ and female organ are mating to another organisms female and male organ
*FUCKING AND GETTING FUCKED

Question 23

Define sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 23

Organism is a male during one part of its life cycle and a female during another. May be triggered by a size or by a change in the sex ratio of the population
*TRANSGENDER

Question 24

How can the probability of future survival be reduced (3)?

Answer 24

-Mate acquisition
-Defense of a breeding territory
-Feeding and protection of their young

Question 25

When should an organism begin to reproduce?

Answer 25

Once they reach their individual relative fitness. When the age and size at first reproduction are optimal when the benefits outweigh the costs.

Question 26

Why is age-specific mortality important?

Answer 26

Because it is related to age-specific expenditure on reproductive effort.

Question 27

Define reproductive effort

Answer 27

Total energetic cost of reproduction per unit time.

Question 28

What are the energetic costs of reproduction (7):

Answer 28

-Gonad development
-Movement to breeding area
-Competition for mates
-Production for gametes
-Nutrient demands
-Nesting
-Parental care

Question 29

What is the relationship between mean weight and amount of offspring prouced? What does this mean?

Answer 29

Inverse relationship between mean weight and amount of offspring produced.
Means the larger the amount of offspring to be taken care of, the energetic costs of reproduction increase and the survival rate of parents decrease