Chapter 10 Flashcards
What are the 3 areas of energy allocation?
Growth, development, reproduction
How do trade-offs affect their life history?
Allocating resources to a certain area reduces the amount of resources for another. This shapes the life history of an organism.
What are some examples of trade-offs being made by the organism?
- reproduction mode
- age at first reproduction
- allocation for reproduction
- number and size of eggs/young/seeds
- timing of reproduction
The behavioral, physiological, and energetic activities involved in current reproduction results in…
reduced future survival, fecundity, and growth
Any insect larva that is immediately ready to move and feed after birth is termed…
precocial
In the presence of predators, some tadpoles grow larger and more colorful tails to avoid lethal strikes to the head. The ability to respond to the environment via morphological traits is known as…
phenotypic plasticity
Reproductive success of an organism is best measured by its
number of offspring that survive to reproduce.
A female exhibits two major approaches in choosing a mate, selecting either the phenotypic characteristics of the mate or the..
ability of the male to provide resources.
Early sexual maturity is predicted to result in
higher reproduction earlier in life
Members of the California sheephead fish species begin their life as females and then become males. This is referred to as..
sequential hermaphroditism
Which of the following would be most attractive to a female hummingbird? A male protecting a territory with…
a, many nectar feeding animals
b. many other males
c. many predators
d. many nectar bearing flowers
d. many nectar bearing flowers
Pacific salmon migrate upstream and after breeding, soon die. They are termed…
semelparous
In long-lived species of organisms, the primary advantage of delaying reproduction (late maturity) is…
larger initial body size during the first reproduction event.
What are the intrinsic factors that impose constraints on life history? (4)
-evolutionary history of species
-developmental patterns
-genetics
-physiology
Benefits of asexual reproduction (2)
-Offspring are genetically identical to parent so are already adapted to he local environment
-All individuals are able to reproduce, giving potential for high population growth
What are the extrinsic factors that influence survivorship and mortality?(2)
-physical environment
-presence of predators/competitors
Costs of asexual reproduction (2)
-Loss of genetic recombination, causing no variation among offspring
-Lack of variation means decreased ability to respond to changes in environmental
Benefits of sexual reproduction(3)
-Recombination leads to a population in whcih each individual is genetically unique
-There is an increase in the range of potential responses to environmental changes
-Population is more stable to environmental changes ue to their recombinant genes
Costs of sexual reproduction (4)
-Each offspring only carries half of a parent’s gene
-Gene selection is random, an offspring may get unhelpful genes
-Requires specialized reproductive organs
-Production of gametes and mating are energetically expensive, and the expense is not shared equally
Define dioecious and a pro
Plants have separate male and female parts
Pro: Maximizes genetic diversity
Define hermaphroditic and a pro
Individuals with perfect flowers. male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.
Pro: maximizes fecundity
Con: decreases genetic diversity
Define monoecious and a pro
Individuals with imperfect flowers. Separate male and female flowers on the same plant.
Pro: Reduction of self-pollination
Define simultaneous hermaphrodites
at the same time, an organisms male organ and female organ are mating to another organisms female and male organ
*FUCKING AND GETTING FUCKED
Define sequential hermaphrodites
Organism is a male during one part of its life cycle and a female during another. May be triggered by a size or by a change in the sex ratio of the population
*TRANSGENDER
How can the probability of future survival be reduced (3)?
-Mate acquisition
-Defense of a breeding territory
-Feeding and protection of their young
When should an organism begin to reproduce?
Once they reach their individual relative fitness. When the age and size at first reproduction are optimal when the benefits outweigh the costs.
Why is age-specific mortality important?
Because it is related to age-specific expenditure on reproductive effort.
Define reproductive effort
Total energetic cost of reproduction per unit time.
What are the energetic costs of reproduction (7):
-Gonad development
-Movement to breeding area
-Competition for mates
-Production for gametes
-Nutrient demands
-Nesting
-Parental care
What is the relationship between mean weight and amount of offspring prouced? What does this mean?
Inverse relationship between mean weight and amount of offspring produced.
Means the larger the amount of offspring to be taken care of, the energetic costs of reproduction increase and the survival rate of parents decrease
