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Biology > Chapter 14&15 > Flashcards

Chapter 14&15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Compete Dominance

A

phenotypes of heteroztgote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

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2
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

phenotyoes of heterozygotes is intermediate between the two phenotypes of both homozygotes

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3
Q

Codominance

A

two alleles each affecct the phenotype in seperate distinguishable ways

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4
Q

Wild type

A

phenotype most commonly observed in the natural population

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5
Q

Sex-Linked gene

A

a gene located on sex chromosomes; usually occurs on the X chromosome; fathers transmit this and other x-linked alleles to all daughters but to no sons. Any male who inherits such allele from mother will express the triat.

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6
Q

Genetic recombination

A

production of offspring with comination of traits that differ from those found in either parent

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7
Q

Crossing over

A

reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis

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8
Q

Nondisjunction

A

an errot in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromomsomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate from each other

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9
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • most common lethal genetic disease in US
  • normal allele coded for chloride transport channels
  • recessive
  • cause mucus buildup in organs
  • most die before 5th birthday and half to 20’s or 30’s
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10
Q

Sickle-Cell disease

A
  • most common inherited disorder to African Americans
  • caused by substitution of a single amino acid in hemogloblin
  • Homozygous-can cause clumping and clotting
  • blood transfusions can prevent other problems
  • disease: both alleles are sickle cell
  • -trait: one allele normal and one sickle cell
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11
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • degenerative disease of the nervous system
  • irreversible and inevitably fatal
  • lethal dominate allele; no obvious phenotypic effect until 35-40
  • child born to parent with disease has 50% chance of inheriting the allele and disorder
  • can have genetic testing
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12
Q

Muscual Dystropthy

A
  • affect 1/3500 males born in US
  • progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of corddination
  • rarely live past 20
  • X-linked disorder
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13
Q

Hemophilia

A
  • X linked recessive disorder
  • absence of one or more proteins required for blood clotting
  • i.v. injections of the protein
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14
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A
  • Extra chromosome 21; each body cell has 47 total
  • Trisomy 21
  • facial features, short, developmental delays
  • increased chance of developing many diseases
  • have a short life span
  • frequently increase with age of mother
  • most cases result from nondisjunction during meiosis 1
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15
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A
  • XXY
  • Males- testes small and sterile
  • Some breast enlargement and other female body characteristics are common
  • May have subnornal intelligence
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16
Q

XYY

A
  • Males undergo normal sexual development

- tend to be taller than average

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17
Q

Trisomy X (XXX)

A
  • Famales-Healthy-Fertile
  • slightly taller than average
  • at risk for learning disabilities
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18
Q

Turner Syndrome

A
  • Monosomy X (XO)
  • Only viable monosomy in humans
  • female-sterile bc sex organs do not mature
  • normal intelligence
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19
Q

“cri du chat” -cry of the cat

A
  • specific deletion in chromosome 5
  • severally intellectualy disabled
  • small head with unsual facial features
  • cry sounds like a cat in distressed cat
  • usually die in infancy or early childhood
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20
Q

CML- chronic myelogenous leukemia

A
  • occurs when recriprocal translocation happens during mitosis of cells that will become WBC
  • Exchange of a large portion of chromosome 22 with small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted chromosome 22
  • causes cancer by activating a gene that leads to uncontrolled cell cycle progression
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21
Q

2 alleles each affect the phenotype in seperate distinguishable ways

A

codominance

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22
Q

When 2 alleles for one gene are identical the individual is said to be

A

homozygous

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23
Q

If you cross a homozygous tall pea w/homozygous dward pea, what is the phenotype of the offspring?

A

100% tall

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24
Q

A cross dealing with one trait is called

A

Monohybrid cross

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25
Q

Different gametes can result from AaBbCc

A

8

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26
Q

in a flower both yellow and tall are dominate what is the genotype

A

TTYY or TtYy

27
Q

Crossing two pink flowers what is the phenotype

A

1 red
2 pink
1 white

28
Q

Universal blood donor

A

O

29
Q

Universal blood recipient

A

AB

30
Q

Traits that are alternatives to the wild type are called

A

Mutant phenotypes–due to alleles assumed to have originated as changes or mutations in the wild type allele

31
Q

Chromosonal basis of sex

A

SRY (sex-determining region Y) gene on the Y chromosome for male

32
Q

A gene located on either sex chromosome is called

A

sex-linked gene

33
Q

mothers can pass sex-linked alleles to

A

daughters and sons

34
Q

If the sex-linked trait is due to a recessive allele, a female will express the phenotype only if she is

A

homozygous

35
Q

If the sex-linked triat is due to a recessive allele, a male will express the trait if he recieved the recessive allele from his mother because he is

A

hemizygous

36
Q

Have far more sex-linked recesssive disorders

A

Males

37
Q

Sex-linked recessive disorders

A
  • Color Blindness
  • Muscular Dystrophy
  • Hemophilia
38
Q

Inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object called

A

Barr Body

39
Q

Females are a mosaic of two types of cells

A
  • those with the active X derived from the father

- those with the active X derived from the mother

40
Q

Genes on the same chromosome that tend to inherit together in genetic crosses are said to be

A

Linked genes

41
Q

Offspring that inherit a phenotype that is different from either parent are said to be

A

Genetic recombination

42
Q

Nonparental phenotypes

A

accounts for the recombination of linked genes. In this end portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places each time a crossover occurs.

43
Q

An ordered list of genetic loci along a particular chromosome

A

Genetic map

44
Q

Genetic map based on recombination frequencies

A

Linkage map

45
Q

Mishap in which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis 1 or sister chromatids fail to seperate during meiosis 2.

A

Nondisjunction

46
Q

Aneuploidy

A

If aberrant gamete unites with a normal one at fertilization the zygote will have abnormal number of a chromosome

47
Q

Chromosomal fragment is lost

A

Deletion

48
Q

When an extra segment is attatcched to a sister chromatid

A

Duplication

49
Q

Reverses a segment within the chromosome

A

Inversion

50
Q

Moves a segment from one chromosome to a nonhomologous pair

A

Translocation

51
Q

Alterations of chromosome structure due to chromosome breakage

A

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, and Translocation

52
Q

Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm-contain small circular DNA molecules

A

Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Plant Plastids

53
Q

Why is almost all the mitochindrial DNA maternal?

A

Because almost all the mitochondria passed on to a zygote comes from the cytpplasm of the egg– instead of sperm

54
Q

Reason linked genes are inherited together

A

located on the same chromosome

55
Q

Mechanism for production of genetic recombinates

A

Crossing over and independent assortment

56
Q

Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than femals because

A

males are hemizygous for X-chromosome

57
Q

What do all humans inherit from their mother?

A

X-chromosome and mitochrodrial DNA

58
Q

Sickle celled anemia is not a??

A

Sex-linked disorder

59
Q

A common genetic disease that causes mucus to build up in organs of the body. Is a recessive trait

A

Cystic Fibrosis

60
Q

Lethal dominate alelle–a child has a 50% chance of inheriting this from parent who has the disease

A

Huntington’s disease

61
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down’s syndrom

62
Q

Klinefelters Syndrom

A

XXY

63
Q

Monosomy

A

Turner’s Syndrom

Biology (6 decks)

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