Chapter 14&15 Flashcards

1
Q

Compete Dominance

A

phenotypes of heteroztgote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

phenotyoes of heterozygotes is intermediate between the two phenotypes of both homozygotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Codominance

A

two alleles each affecct the phenotype in seperate distinguishable ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Wild type

A

phenotype most commonly observed in the natural population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sex-Linked gene

A

a gene located on sex chromosomes; usually occurs on the X chromosome; fathers transmit this and other x-linked alleles to all daughters but to no sons. Any male who inherits such allele from mother will express the triat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Genetic recombination

A

production of offspring with comination of traits that differ from those found in either parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Crossing over

A

reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nondisjunction

A

an errot in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromomsomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • most common lethal genetic disease in US
  • normal allele coded for chloride transport channels
  • recessive
  • cause mucus buildup in organs
  • most die before 5th birthday and half to 20’s or 30’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sickle-Cell disease

A
  • most common inherited disorder to African Americans
  • caused by substitution of a single amino acid in hemogloblin
  • Homozygous-can cause clumping and clotting
  • blood transfusions can prevent other problems
  • disease: both alleles are sickle cell
  • -trait: one allele normal and one sickle cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • degenerative disease of the nervous system
  • irreversible and inevitably fatal
  • lethal dominate allele; no obvious phenotypic effect until 35-40
  • child born to parent with disease has 50% chance of inheriting the allele and disorder
  • can have genetic testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Muscual Dystropthy

A
  • affect 1/3500 males born in US
  • progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of corddination
  • rarely live past 20
  • X-linked disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hemophilia

A
  • X linked recessive disorder
  • absence of one or more proteins required for blood clotting
  • i.v. injections of the protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A
  • Extra chromosome 21; each body cell has 47 total
  • Trisomy 21
  • facial features, short, developmental delays
  • increased chance of developing many diseases
  • have a short life span
  • frequently increase with age of mother
  • most cases result from nondisjunction during meiosis 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A
  • XXY
  • Males- testes small and sterile
  • Some breast enlargement and other female body characteristics are common
  • May have subnornal intelligence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

XYY

A
  • Males undergo normal sexual development

- tend to be taller than average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Trisomy X (XXX)

A
  • Famales-Healthy-Fertile
  • slightly taller than average
  • at risk for learning disabilities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Turner Syndrome

A
  • Monosomy X (XO)
  • Only viable monosomy in humans
  • female-sterile bc sex organs do not mature
  • normal intelligence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

“cri du chat” -cry of the cat

A
  • specific deletion in chromosome 5
  • severally intellectualy disabled
  • small head with unsual facial features
  • cry sounds like a cat in distressed cat
  • usually die in infancy or early childhood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CML- chronic myelogenous leukemia

A
  • occurs when recriprocal translocation happens during mitosis of cells that will become WBC
  • Exchange of a large portion of chromosome 22 with small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted chromosome 22
  • causes cancer by activating a gene that leads to uncontrolled cell cycle progression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 alleles each affect the phenotype in seperate distinguishable ways

A

codominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When 2 alleles for one gene are identical the individual is said to be

A

homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If you cross a homozygous tall pea w/homozygous dward pea, what is the phenotype of the offspring?

A

100% tall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A cross dealing with one trait is called

A

Monohybrid cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Different gametes can result from AaBbCc
8
26
in a flower both yellow and tall are dominate what is the genotype
TTYY or TtYy
27
Crossing two pink flowers what is the phenotype
1 red 2 pink 1 white
28
Universal blood donor
O
29
Universal blood recipient
AB
30
Traits that are alternatives to the wild type are called
Mutant phenotypes--due to alleles assumed to have originated as changes or mutations in the wild type allele
31
Chromosonal basis of sex
SRY (sex-determining region Y) gene on the Y chromosome for male
32
A gene located on either sex chromosome is called
sex-linked gene
33
mothers can pass sex-linked alleles to
daughters and sons
34
If the sex-linked trait is due to a recessive allele, a female will express the phenotype only if she is
homozygous
35
If the sex-linked triat is due to a recessive allele, a male will express the trait if he recieved the recessive allele from his mother because he is
hemizygous
36
Have far more sex-linked recesssive disorders
Males
37
Sex-linked recessive disorders
- Color Blindness - Muscular Dystrophy - Hemophilia
38
Inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object called
Barr Body
39
Females are a mosaic of two types of cells
- those with the active X derived from the father | - those with the active X derived from the mother
40
Genes on the same chromosome that tend to inherit together in genetic crosses are said to be
Linked genes
41
Offspring that inherit a phenotype that is different from either parent are said to be
Genetic recombination
42
Nonparental phenotypes
accounts for the recombination of linked genes. In this end portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places each time a crossover occurs.
43
An ordered list of genetic loci along a particular chromosome
Genetic map
44
Genetic map based on recombination frequencies
Linkage map
45
Mishap in which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis 1 or sister chromatids fail to seperate during meiosis 2.
Nondisjunction
46
Aneuploidy
If aberrant gamete unites with a normal one at fertilization the zygote will have abnormal number of a chromosome
47
Chromosomal fragment is lost
Deletion
48
When an extra segment is attatcched to a sister chromatid
Duplication
49
Reverses a segment within the chromosome
Inversion
50
Moves a segment from one chromosome to a nonhomologous pair
Translocation
51
Alterations of chromosome structure due to chromosome breakage
Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, and Translocation
52
Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm-contain small circular DNA molecules
Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Plant Plastids
53
Why is almost all the mitochindrial DNA maternal?
Because almost all the mitochondria passed on to a zygote comes from the cytpplasm of the egg-- instead of sperm
54
Reason linked genes are inherited together
located on the same chromosome
55
Mechanism for production of genetic recombinates
Crossing over and independent assortment
56
Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than femals because
males are hemizygous for X-chromosome
57
What do all humans inherit from their mother?
X-chromosome and mitochrodrial DNA
58
Sickle celled anemia is not a??
Sex-linked disorder
59
A common genetic disease that causes mucus to build up in organs of the body. Is a recessive trait
Cystic Fibrosis
60
Lethal dominate alelle--a child has a 50% chance of inheriting this from parent who has the disease
Huntington's disease
61
Trisomy 21
Down's syndrom
62
Klinefelters Syndrom
XXY
63
Monosomy
Turner's Syndrom