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Biology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transmission of traits fromone generatin to the next is called

A

Heredity

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2
Q

Scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

A

Genetics

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3
Q

Discrete units of hereditary information consisting of a specificc nucleotide sequences in DNA

A

Genes

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4
Q

What are gametes?

A

Reproductive cells- sperm and egg

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5
Q

DNA is packaged into

A

Chromosomes

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6
Q

Each chromosome consists of??

A

A single long DNA molecule coiled in association with various proteins

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7
Q

A gene’s specific location along the lenght of a chromosome

A

Locus

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8
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Genestically identical offspring- produced by mitosis

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9
Q

Sexual reproducation

A

Unique combinations of gene’s inherited from 2 parents

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10
Q

The generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to production of its own offspring is called

A

Life cycle

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11
Q

Display of condensed chromosomes arranged in pairs is called

A

Karyotype

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12
Q

A pair of chromosomes have:

A
  • Same lenght
  • Same centromere position
  • Same staining pattern
  • Are called homologous chromosomes or homologs
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13
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Female: XX
Male: XY

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14
Q

Nonsex chromosomes are called

A

Autosomes

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15
Q

The “n” number is the number of chromosomes in a

A

Single set-haploid

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16
Q

Cell with 2 chromosomes sets referred to as 2n

A

Diploid cell

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17
Q

Diploid number In humans is

A

46-thus 2n=46

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18
Q

Haploid number in humans is

A

23 (23 autosomes & single sex chromosomes)

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19
Q

Union of gametes

A

Fertilization

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20
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilized egg and is 2n

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21
Q

The only cells not produced by mitosis is

A

Gametes

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22
Q

Mitosis results in

A

2 daughter cells

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23
Q

Meiosis results in

A

4 non identical daughter cells

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24
Q

Sister chromatids make up one replicated

A

chromosome

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25
Q

The two chromosomes of a homologous pair are individual chromosomes that were inherited from

A

different parents

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26
Q

3 events unique to meiosis that occur during meiosis 1

A
  1. Synapsis and Crossing Over
  2. Homologs on the metaphase plate
  3. Seperation of homologs
27
Q

Meiosis is often called reduction division because it halfes the number of?

A

Chromosomes

28
Q

Origins fo genetic variaton among offspring

A
  1. Independent assortment of chromosomes
  2. Crossing Over
  3. Random fertilization
29
Q

Not associated with asexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

30
Q

A cell having 22 autosomes and an “x” chromosomes would be?

A

egg or sperm

31
Q

A cell that has 24 chromosomes in each somatic cell that is made of 12 homologous pairs has a diploid number of? and haploid of?

A

Dipoild-24

Haploid-12

32
Q

Fertilization produces a zygote which is

A

Diploid

33
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase 1

34
Q

A cell with 20 chromosomes has how many chromosomes in each daughter cell after mitosis

A

20 chromosomes

35
Q

A cell with 20 chromosomes has how many chromosomes in each daughter cell after meiosis

A

10 chromosomes

36
Q

Gametes are always

A

Haploid

37
Q

After which process does a diploid cell change to haploid?

A

Meosis 1

38
Q

Meiosis 1

A
  • Homologous chromosomes seperate
  • Results in 2 haploid daughter cells which replicated chromosomes
  • Halves the # of chromosomes
39
Q

Phases of meiosis 1

A
  • Prophase 1
  • Metaphase 1
  • Anaphase 1
  • Telophase 1 and cytokinesis
40
Q

Prophase 1

A
  • Occupies 90% of time reequired for meiosis
  • Chromosomes begin to condense
  • Synapsis-homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene
  • Crossing-Over occurs in sister chromatods & exchange of DNA segments
  • Each pair of chromosomes forms a tetrad (a group of 4 chromastids)
  • Each tetrad usually had one or more chiasmata (X-shaped regions where crossing overoccured)
41
Q

Metaphase 1

A

-Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate

42
Q

Anaphase 1

A
  • Pairs of homologous chromosomes seperate

- One chromosome moves toward each pole, guided by the spindle fibers

43
Q

Telophase 1

A
  • Each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes

- Each chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatids

44
Q

Cytokinesis in Meiosis

A

Occurs simulataneously

  • Forming 2 haploid daughter cells
  • in animal cells- a cleavage furrow forms
  • In pplany cells- a cell plate forms
45
Q

Meiosis 2

A
  • Sister chromatids seperate
  • Results in 4 haploid daughter cells with unreplicated chromosomes
  • Very similar to Mitosis
46
Q

Phases of Meiosis 2

A
  • Prophase 2
  • Metaphase 2
  • Anaphase 2
  • Telophase 2 and cytokensis
47
Q

Prophase 2

A
  • A single apparatus forms

- Chromosomes (2 chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate

48
Q

Metaphase 2

A
  • Sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate

- Kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubles extending from opposite poles

49
Q

Anaphase 2

A
  • Sister chromatids seperate

- Sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as 2 newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles

50
Q

Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis

A
  • Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
  • Nucei form and the chromosomes being decondensing
  • Cytokinesis seperates the cytoplasm
51
Q

Result of Meiosis

A
  • 4 daughter cells (each with a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes)
  • Each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the others and from the parent cell
52
Q

3 mechanisms contribute to genetic variation

A
  • Independent assortment of chromosomes
  • Crossing over
  • Random Fertilization- because any sperm can fuse with any ovum
53
Q

Number of daughter cells in mitosis

A

Same as parent

54
Q

Number of daughter cells in meiosis

A

Half as many

55
Q

Mitosis results in

A

2 identical daughter cells

56
Q

Meiosis results in

A

4 non identical daughter cells

57
Q

Sister Chromatids

A
  • Contains identical DNA molecule

- Attached by adhesive protein complexea called Cohesions

58
Q

Centromeres

A
  • narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome

- Region where the 2 chromatods are most closely attached

59
Q

Gametes

A
  • Reproductions cells (sperm and egg)

- Half as many chromosomes as somatics cells

60
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and proteins

61
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromatin fibers beccome more tightly coiled (chromosomes)
  • Nucleloi diappear
  • Each duplicated chromosome appears as 2 identical sister chromatids joined at their centrometers
  • Mitotic spindle begins to form
62
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

apparatus of microtubles that controls chromosomes movement during mitosis

63
Q

Chromosomes and microtubules attach to one another at

A

Kinetochore

Biology (6 decks)

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