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Biology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Transmission of traits fromone generatin to the next is called

A

Heredity

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2
Q

Scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

A

Genetics

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3
Q

Discrete units of hereditary information consisting of a specificc nucleotide sequences in DNA

A

Genes

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4
Q

What are gametes?

A

Reproductive cells- sperm and egg

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5
Q

DNA is packaged into

A

Chromosomes

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6
Q

Each chromosome consists of??

A

A single long DNA molecule coiled in association with various proteins

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7
Q

A gene’s specific location along the lenght of a chromosome

A

Locus

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8
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Genestically identical offspring- produced by mitosis

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9
Q

Sexual reproducation

A

Unique combinations of gene’s inherited from 2 parents

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10
Q

The generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to production of its own offspring is called

A

Life cycle

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11
Q

Display of condensed chromosomes arranged in pairs is called

A

Karyotype

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12
Q

A pair of chromosomes have:

A
  • Same lenght
  • Same centromere position
  • Same staining pattern
  • Are called homologous chromosomes or homologs
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13
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Female: XX
Male: XY

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14
Q

Nonsex chromosomes are called

A

Autosomes

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15
Q

The “n” number is the number of chromosomes in a

A

Single set-haploid

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16
Q

Cell with 2 chromosomes sets referred to as 2n

A

Diploid cell

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17
Q

Diploid number In humans is

A

46-thus 2n=46

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18
Q

Haploid number in humans is

A

23 (23 autosomes & single sex chromosomes)

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19
Q

Union of gametes

A

Fertilization

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20
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilized egg and is 2n

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21
Q

The only cells not produced by mitosis is

A

Gametes

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22
Q

Mitosis results in

A

2 daughter cells

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23
Q

Meiosis results in

A

4 non identical daughter cells

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24
Q

Sister chromatids make up one replicated

A

chromosome

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25
The two chromosomes of a homologous pair are individual chromosomes that were inherited from
different parents
26
3 events unique to meiosis that occur during meiosis 1
1. Synapsis and Crossing Over 2. Homologs on the metaphase plate 3. Seperation of homologs
27
Meiosis is often called reduction division because it halfes the number of?
Chromosomes
28
Origins fo genetic variaton among offspring
1. Independent assortment of chromosomes 2. Crossing Over 3. Random fertilization
29
Not associated with asexual reproduction
Meiosis
30
A cell having 22 autosomes and an "x" chromosomes would be?
egg or sperm
31
A cell that has 24 chromosomes in each somatic cell that is made of 12 homologous pairs has a diploid number of? and haploid of?
Dipoild-24 | Haploid-12
32
Fertilization produces a zygote which is
Diploid
33
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase 1
34
A cell with 20 chromosomes has how many chromosomes in each daughter cell after mitosis
20 chromosomes
35
A cell with 20 chromosomes has how many chromosomes in each daughter cell after meiosis
10 chromosomes
36
Gametes are always
Haploid
37
After which process does a diploid cell change to haploid?
Meosis 1
38
Meiosis 1
- Homologous chromosomes seperate - Results in 2 haploid daughter cells which replicated chromosomes - Halves the # of chromosomes
39
Phases of meiosis 1
- Prophase 1 - Metaphase 1 - Anaphase 1 - Telophase 1 and cytokinesis
40
Prophase 1
- Occupies 90% of time reequired for meiosis - Chromosomes begin to condense - Synapsis-homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene - Crossing-Over occurs in sister chromatods & exchange of DNA segments - Each pair of chromosomes forms a tetrad (a group of 4 chromastids) - Each tetrad usually had one or more chiasmata (X-shaped regions where crossing overoccured)
41
Metaphase 1
-Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate
42
Anaphase 1
- Pairs of homologous chromosomes seperate | - One chromosome moves toward each pole, guided by the spindle fibers
43
Telophase 1
- Each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes | - Each chromosome still consists of 2 sister chromatids
44
Cytokinesis in Meiosis
Occurs simulataneously - Forming 2 haploid daughter cells - in animal cells- a cleavage furrow forms - In pplany cells- a cell plate forms
45
Meiosis 2
- Sister chromatids seperate - Results in 4 haploid daughter cells with unreplicated chromosomes - Very similar to Mitosis
46
Phases of Meiosis 2
- Prophase 2 - Metaphase 2 - Anaphase 2 - Telophase 2 and cytokensis
47
Prophase 2
- A single apparatus forms | - Chromosomes (2 chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate
48
Metaphase 2
- Sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate | - Kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubles extending from opposite poles
49
Anaphase 2
- Sister chromatids seperate | - Sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as 2 newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles
50
Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis
- Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles - Nucei form and the chromosomes being decondensing - Cytokinesis seperates the cytoplasm
51
Result of Meiosis
- 4 daughter cells (each with a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes) - Each daughter cell is genetically distinct from the others and from the parent cell
52
3 mechanisms contribute to genetic variation
- Independent assortment of chromosomes - Crossing over - Random Fertilization- because any sperm can fuse with any ovum
53
Number of daughter cells in mitosis
Same as parent
54
Number of daughter cells in meiosis
Half as many
55
Mitosis results in
2 identical daughter cells
56
Meiosis results in
4 non identical daughter cells
57
Sister Chromatids
- Contains identical DNA molecule | - Attached by adhesive protein complexea called Cohesions
58
Centromeres
- narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome | - Region where the 2 chromatods are most closely attached
59
Gametes
- Reproductions cells (sperm and egg) | - Half as many chromosomes as somatics cells
60
Chromatin
A complex of DNA and proteins
61
Prophase
- Chromatin fibers beccome more tightly coiled (chromosomes) - Nucleloi diappear - Each duplicated chromosome appears as 2 identical sister chromatids joined at their centrometers - Mitotic spindle begins to form
62
Mitotic spindle
apparatus of microtubles that controls chromosomes movement during mitosis
63
Chromosomes and microtubules attach to one another at
Kinetochore

Biology (6 decks)

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