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Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells is called the

A

Cell Cycle

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2
Q

All of a cells genetic information in DNA is called

A

Genome

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3
Q

DNA molecules are packaged into

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

Eurkaryotic chromosomes that are a complex of DNA and the associated protien molecules are called

A

Chromatid

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5
Q

Are units that specify an organism’s inherited traits. Each single chromosome contains one very long, linear DNA molecule that carries several hundred to a few thousand

A

Genes

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6
Q

Each duplicated chromosome has two

A

Sister Chromatids

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7
Q

Sister Chromatids are initially attached all along their lenghts by adhesive protein complexes known as

A

Cohesions

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8
Q

Specialized region where the two sister chromatids are most closely attached “waist”

A

Centromere

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9
Q

Division of the nucleus

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

Division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

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11
Q

What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle

A

Mitotioc and interphase

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12
Q

Mitotic phase includes what

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis-shortest part of the cell cycle

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13
Q

What is interphase

A

when cell growth occcurs and chromosomes are copied-90% of cell cycle is in this phase

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14
Q

Stages of interphase

A

G1-First gap
S-DNA synthesis
G2-Second gap

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15
Q

Subcellular region containing materials that function throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules

A

Centrosome

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16
Q

A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centromere

A

Aster

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17
Q

Structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere where the spindle microtubules attach are called

A

Kinetochores

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18
Q

The imaginary plane midway between the spindles of the 2 poles where the centromeres of all duplicate chromosomes line up is called

A

Metaphase plate

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19
Q

What is cytokinesis in an animcal cell

A

Cleavage furrow-a shallow groove in the cell surface neat the metaphase plate

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20
Q

What is cytokinesis in a plant cell

A

No cleavage furrow-a cell plate forms which enlarges to form a cell wall between 2 daughter cells

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21
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary Fission “Origin of replication”

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22
Q

Binary Fission consists of

A

Single Bacterial chromosome consists of a circular DNA molecule and associated protein

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23
Q

Frequency of cell division varies with

A

Type of cell

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24
Q

What is G0 phase?

A

Non dividing state–i.e. nerve cells

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25
Q

What controls the cell cycle?

A

Driven by specific signaling molecules present in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

Cyclic operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle is called

A

Cell cylce control system

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27
Q

There is a lot of cell cycle controls in cancer cells

A
  • Cancer cells do not heed to normal signals that regulate the cell cycle
  • Divide excessively and invade other tissues
  • Do not stop dividing when growth factors are depleated
  • Transformation converts a normal cell into a cancer cell
  • May proliferate and form a tumor, a mass of abnormal cells
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28
Q

Benign tumor

A

If abnormal cells in lump remain at original site

29
Q

What is a malignant tumor

A

abnormal cells becomes invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs

30
Q

Details of maligant tumor

A
  • Excessive proliferation
  • May have unusual number of chromosomes
  • Metabolism may be disabled
  • May cease to function in any constructive pathway
  • Changes on cell surface can cause cancer cells to lose attachements to neighboring cells and this all them to spead into nearby tissues-Metastasis
  • May secrete signal molecules that cause blood vessels to grow toward tumor
31
Q

Most cells are in nondividing phase G0 except cancer cells because

A

Cancer cells are actively dividing and often skip G0

32
Q

Drugs that are toxic to actively dividing cells are admistered through circulatory system. These drugs interfere with specific steps in the cell cycle

A

Chemotherapudic

33
Q

Drug taxol

A

freezes mitotoc spendle-stops actively dividing cells from proceeding past metaphase

34
Q

Side effects to chemotherapy

A

Often due to drug’s effects on normal cells that divide often

  1. Nausea-effects on intestinal cells
  2. Loosing hair-effects on hait follicle cells
  3. Susceptible to infecction-effects on immune system cells
35
Q

Cellular transformation always involves…

A

The alteration of genes that somehow influence the cell cycle control system

36
Q

Most of the cell cycle is spent in?

A

Interphase

37
Q

When a cell is not dividing, it is in what phase?

A

G0

38
Q

When DNA replication occurs what stage of cell cycle is that?

A

S

39
Q

A chromosome that has not replicated has how many chromatids?

A

Zero

40
Q

A replicated chromosome has how many chromatids?

A

2

41
Q

Division of the nucleus, producing 2 identical daughter cells is called?

A

Mitosis

42
Q

How does reproduction of prokaryotes occur?

A

Binary Fission

43
Q

Most body cells are in what phase?

A

G0

44
Q

Correct order of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

45
Q

Which phase do the chromosomes meet at the middle of the nucleus?

A

Metaphase

46
Q

Which phase do the chromatids seperate and become chromosomes?

A

Anaphase

47
Q

During G1 how many chromatids per chromosome

A

Zero

48
Q

During G2 how many chromatids per chromosome

A

2

49
Q

How many chromatids per chromosome in the beginning of mitosis

A

2

50
Q

Chromosomes condense and becomes visible in this phase

A

Prophase

51
Q

Chromosomes line up in the middle of cell in this phase

A

Metaphase

52
Q

Includes genes that determine an indiviuals sex

A

X and Y chromosomes

53
Q

Gamtes have how many chromosomes in karotype

A

23

54
Q

Ordering of human chromosomes images displaying each chromosomes of a single cell

A

Karotype

55
Q

In a cell that has completed meiosis one has

A

half the amount of DNA of the cell that began

56
Q

Common characteristics of a karotype

A

Lenght, Chromsomes position, staining pattern, amd traits coded for

57
Q

Conclusion of Meiosis 1

A

Homologous pair seperate

58
Q

Product is 2 genetically different daughter cells

A

Meiosis 1

59
Q

Independent assortment of chromosomes occur

A

Meiosis 1

60
Q

Occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis

A

Synapsis of chrosomsomes

61
Q

What is a tetrad

A

2 sets of sister chromosomes that have synpased

62
Q

What phase is when tetrads allign at equator

A

Metaphase 1

63
Q

Sister chromatids disjoin and seperate

A

Anaphase 2

64
Q

23 chromosomes in gamets can produce how many possibilites

A

8 million

65
Q

How often does crossing over occur

A

1-2 per chromosome

66
Q

When homologous pairs cross over

A

Specific protein break and re-join

67
Q

Replicated chromosome

A

Chromatid

68
Q

Crossing over occurs in

A

Prophase

Biology (6 decks)

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