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biology > chapter 14 > Flashcards

chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the human nervous system consist of

A

Central nervous system - Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system - All of the nerves in the body

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2
Q

Describe the role of the human nervous system

A
  • coordinate and regulate body functions
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3
Q

how is information sent through the nervous system

A

as nerve/electrical impulses

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4
Q

what are nerve impulses?

A

Electrical signals that pass along nerve cells known as neurones.

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurone? Describe where they are in the nervous system

A

Sensory - sense organ to CNS
Relay - in CNS , connecting sensory and motor
Motor- CNS to effectors

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6
Q

Describe the 3 types of neurones in term of their shape

A

Sensory - long , cell body in the middle of axon
Relay - Short, small cell body at one end with many dendrites branching of it
Motor - long, large cell body at one end with long dendrites branching off it

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7
Q

Describe a simple reflex arc

A

The stimulus is detected by receptor in the skin. Sensory neurone sends electrical impulses to the CNS, which is then passed on to the relay neurone. Relay neurone connects to motor neurone and from motor neurone to the effector. Effector muscle contracts, responding by pulling away.

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8
Q

What are synapses?

A

Where 2 neurons meet or join, they do so at a junction called synapses

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9
Q

Describe the structures of a synapses

A

presynaptic membrane
vesicles containing neurotransmitters
synaptic cleft
neurotranmitter receptors
postsynaptic membrane

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10
Q

Describe the events at a synapses

A

Impulses reach pre-synaptic neurone, impulses stimulate vesicles to move and fuse with membrane, releasing neurotransmitter which diffuses across synapses. Neurotransmitters bind to receptor, which generates impulses at the post synaptic neurone. neurotransmitters are destroyed or recycled once an impulse is sent

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11
Q

How to prevent continued stimulate of neurone?

A

Enzyme are present at the synapses to break down the neurotransmitter, removing it from the receptors

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12
Q

How to ensure impulses only travel in 1 direction?

A

Neurotransmitters are only found in the pre-synaptic neurone and the receptors are only found at the post - synaptic neurone

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13
Q

Describe sense organs

A

a group of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli

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14
Q

state the different structures and their functions in the eye

A

cornea - refracts light
iris - controls how much light enters pupil, controls the size of the pupil
lens - transparent disc , focuses light on the retina
retina - contains light receptors
optic nerve - carries impulses to the brain
pupil - hole that allows light to enter the eye
Blindspot- no rod or cone cells .

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15
Q

Describe the pupil reflex in dim and bright light

A

Dim:
radial muscle contracts
circular muscle relax
pupil dilates to allow more light to enter

Bright:
radial relaxes
circular contracts
pupil constricts to reduce light entering eye

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16
Q

Describe the accomodation to view near and far object

A

CLOSE:
Ciliary contracts
Suspensory slackens
lens become fatter , light refracts more

FAR:
ciliary relaxes
suspensory tightens
lens become thinner , light is refracted less

17
Q

describe the 2 types of receptor cells and their distribution around the eye

A

Rods - sensitive to dim light
Cones - 3 types ( red, blue green )

Cones - almost all in the fovea
Rod - found all over retina
None at blindspot

18
Q

Describe the functions of rod and cones

A

Rod:
- provide black and white image
- sensitive to low light intensity
- provide the shade of grey
- along retina except fovea and blindspot

Cones:
- provide colour image
- sensitive to high light intensity
- contains red blue green colours
- along retina except blindspot
- concentrated in fovea

19
Q

describe a hormone

A

a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood,
which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs

20
Q

state the specific endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete, including the role and effect

A

Adrenal gland - adrenaline - ready body for flight or fight response - increases heart rate, breathing rate, blood glucose levels, increased pupil diameter

Pancreas - insulin and glucagon - lowers and increases blood glucose levels

Testes - testosterone - development of secondary characteristics in men, development of muscles

Ovary - oestrogen - development of secondary characteristics in female and controls menstrual cycle

21
Q

compare the nervous system and hormonal control

A

Nervous :
made of nerves, spinal cord, brain
Electrical impulses
Very fast transmission
Short length

Endocrine system:
made of glands
Chemical hormone
Slow transmission
longer effect

22
Q

Describe homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

23
Q

What is homeostasis controlled by

A

by negative feedback, as internal conditions in body need to be kept within set limits

24
Q

Describe the blood glucose control

A

When glucose levels are too high , insulin in secreted to stimulate liver and muscle cells to convert excess glucose into glycogen to be stored

When glucose levels are too low, glucagon is secreted to stimulate liver and muscle cells to convert stored glycogen into glucose

25
Q

Outline the treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

Type 1 - too high levels of glucose

So,
Insulin is injected causing liver to convert glucose to glycogen

26
Q

Outline the symptoms of diabetes

A

extreme thirst
weakness or tiredness
blurred vision
weight loss
loss of consciousness
slow healing of cuts

27
Q

Describe the structures of the skin

A

Hair
hair erector muscle
Sweat glands
sensory neurone
blood vessels- capillaries, arteriole, venule, shunt vessel
fatty tissue

28
Q

Describe the importance of thermoregulation

A

Maintain constant or optimum metabolic reaction
To prevent enzymes from denaturing
to provide optimum temperature for enzymes
to avoid damaging protein

29
Q

Describe the responses of our body when we are hot

A
  • sweating ( evaporates and carries heat away from skin surface )
  • Vasodilation
    1. arteriole dilates , shunt vessel constrict
    2. Blood flow increases at capillaries near skin surface
    3. More heat loss via radiation
  • Hair lies flat ( erector muscle relaxes, so no heat is trapped )
30
Q

Describe the responses of our body when we are cold

A
  • Shivering ( muscle contracts continually to produce more heat )
  • Vasoconstriction
    1. Arteriole constrict, shunt vessel dialates
    2. Blood flow diverted away from capillaries at skin surface
  • Hair stand up ( erector muscle contracts, layer of air trapped to insulate skin )
31
Q

Describe gravitropism including the positive and negative response

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

Positive : growth twrds gravity ( roots )
Negative growth against gravity ( shoot )

32
Q

Describe phototropism including the positive and negative response

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of the light source

Positive : growth twrds light ( shoot )
Negative : growth away from light ( root )

33
Q

What is auxin?

A

growth hormone that controls the direction of growth of roots or stems

34
Q

State the role of auxin and their features

A

Role: cell elongation
Made in shoot tip and root tip
Diffuses down the stem
Evenly distributed when there is even distribution of sunlight

35
Q

State the role of auxin when under light

A

Have even distribution: growth of shoot is even

If light is only from one side : Auxin produced in the tip concentrates on the shaded side, making the cells elongate on that side, causing the shoot to grow towards the light

36
Q

State the role of auxin in terms of gravity

A

Negative gravitropism :
auxin accumulates on lower side pf shoot
together with phototropism, shoot will grow upwards

Positive gravitropism : ( roots )
higher concentration of auxin on the lower side, resulted in lower rate of cell elongation
auxin accumulates on lower side of the root
as a result, lower side grows at a lower rate than upper side of root, causing root to bend downwards

biology (21 decks)

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