Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define symbiosis

A

Two organisms living in association with one another. Ex. Organism living on another’s skin

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2
Q

Normal flora

A

Microorganisms living on another organism without causing disease.

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3
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Needs an opportunity to make it passed immune system. Ex. Breaks in skin

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4
Q

Reservoir of infection

A

Site where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection (for a long period of time)

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5
Q

What are the three types of reservoirs?

A
  1. Animal reservoirs
  2. Human carriers
  3. Non-living reservoirs
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6
Q

Diseases spread by animals are called what?

A

Zoonoses

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7
Q

How does transmission occur with animal reservoirs?

A

Eating animal, contact with waste (including inhaling), biological vectors, and animal bites (bodily fluids)

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8
Q

What are two ways to control transmission of diseases from animal reservoirs?

A

Get rid of animals (ex. Mosquitos) or treat animals with preventative vaccines

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9
Q

Reservoir is large that means what? And if the animal is wild what is it called?

A

Many animals and sylvatic

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10
Q

Why can human carriers be difficult?

A

They may appear asymptomatic and spread the disease as no one realizes they are a carrier since there are no signs/symptoms ex. Typhoid Mary

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11
Q

What’s included in non-living reservoirs

A

Water,soil,food due to fecal-oral route
Ex.E-coli (food) giardia(water), and clostridium bacillus (soil).

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12
Q

How do pathogens enter the body?
(3 ways)

A
  1. Skin
    -direct (burrow/digestion)
    -hair follicles
    -sweat glands
  2. Mucus membrane
    - easier to cross than skin and tend to be the most common entry way
  3. Placenta
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13
Q

What’s another way a pathogen can enter but isn’t a natural portal?

A

Parental route which is a bypass of normal barriers due to needles.

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14
Q

Manifestations of a disease

A

Symptoms (subjective characteristics of a disease based on a patients feelings. Cannot be seen). Ex. Headache, nausea,pain, etc.
Signs ( objective characteristics of a disease measurable and can be seen by others). Ex. Fever,swelling, vomiting, etc.

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15
Q

If a disease has no symptoms (but may have signs), it is called an…

A

Asymptomatic infection

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16
Q

When a group of symptoms and signs collectively characterize a disease, the disease is called…

A

A syndrome

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17
Q

(Stages of disease)
Incubation

A
  1. Incubation (First stage) - time between infection and first sign/symptoms. Depends on pathogen, infected dose, and health of patient (age,sleep,nutrition).
18
Q

(Stages of disease)
Prodromal

A

Prodromal (2nd stage) - time of first mild, vague symptoms, or might not occur with a disease.

19
Q

(Stages of disease)
Illness

A

Illness (3rd stage)- symptoms are most severe and obvious. They are most damaging to host in this stage as there is the highest amount of pathogens and immune response doesn’t overwhelm pathogen.

20
Q

(Stages of disease)
Decline

A

Decline (4th stage) - treatment and/or full immune response to limit and destroy the pathogen.

21
Q

(Stages of disease)
Convalescence

A

Convalescence (5th stage) - recovery with no symptoms/signs. Tissues damage and any other damage is repaired depending on severity of damage by pathogen.

22
Q

When is a patient infectious?

A

Depends on the pathogen present, some are infectious during all stages.

23
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity of a microbe.

24
Q

Define Virulence factors

A

Traits that allow pathogen to cause disease including traits that aid growth and avoid immune cells.

25
Q

If a pathogen loses its ability to make a virulence factor it becomes…

A

Avirulent (cannot cause disease)

26
Q

Virulence factors are…
(4 of them)

A
  1. Adhesion mechanism
  2. Extracellular enzymes
  3. Toxins
  4. Antiphagocytic factors
27
Q

Define human microbiome

A

The connection of fungi bacteria and archaea found (in) and on the human body.

28
Q

Define fomites

A

Inanimate object that can carry disease when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents.

29
Q

Define epidemiology

A

the study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population.

30
Q

Define incidence

A

Incidence refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time.

31
Q

Define prevalence

A

the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition at a specific time.

32
Q

Define endemic

A

disease or a condition, regularly found and very common among a particular group or in a particular area.

33
Q

Define sporadic

A

Disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.

34
Q

Define epidemic

A

refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.

35
Q

Define pandemic

A

widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time.

36
Q

Define acute

A
37
Q

Define chronic

A
38
Q

Define latent

A
39
Q

Describe the importance of the human microbiome.

A
40
Q

Distinguish between contamination and infection.

A
41
Q

List the 3 types reservoirs of infection in humans

A
42
Q

List the portals of exit that pathogens use to get out of the body

A