Chapter 14

Question 1

Define symbiosis

Answer 1

Two organisms living in association with one another. Ex. Organism living on another’s skin

Question 2

Normal flora

Answer 2

Microorganisms living on another organism without causing disease.

Question 3

Opportunistic pathogen

Answer 3

Needs an opportunity to make it passed immune system. Ex. Breaks in skin

Question 4

Reservoir of infection

Answer 4

Site where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection (for a long period of time)

Question 5

What are the three types of reservoirs?

Answer 5

1. Animal reservoirs
2. Human carriers
3. Non-living reservoirs

Question 6

Diseases spread by animals are called what?

Answer 6

Zoonoses

Question 7

How does transmission occur with animal reservoirs?

Answer 7

Eating animal, contact with waste (including inhaling), biological vectors, and animal bites (bodily fluids)

Question 8

What are two ways to control transmission of diseases from animal reservoirs?

Answer 8

Get rid of animals (ex. Mosquitos) or treat animals with preventative vaccines

Question 9

Reservoir is large that means what? And if the animal is wild what is it called?

Answer 9

Many animals and sylvatic

Question 10

Why can human carriers be difficult?

Answer 10

They may appear asymptomatic and spread the disease as no one realizes they are a carrier since there are no signs/symptoms ex. Typhoid Mary

Question 11

What’s included in non-living reservoirs

Answer 11

Water,soil,food due to fecal-oral route
Ex.E-coli (food) giardia(water), and clostridium bacillus (soil).

Question 12

How do pathogens enter the body?
(3 ways)

Answer 12

1. Skin
   -direct (burrow/digestion)
   -hair follicles
   -sweat glands
2. Mucus membrane
   - easier to cross than skin and tend to be the most common entry way
3. Placenta

Question 13

What’s another way a pathogen can enter but isn’t a natural portal?

Answer 13

Parental route which is a bypass of normal barriers due to needles.

Question 14

Manifestations of a disease

Answer 14

Symptoms (subjective characteristics of a disease based on a patients feelings. Cannot be seen). Ex. Headache, nausea,pain, etc.
Signs ( objective characteristics of a disease measurable and can be seen by others). Ex. Fever,swelling, vomiting, etc.

Question 15

If a disease has no symptoms (but may have signs), it is called an…

Answer 15

Asymptomatic infection

Question 16

When a group of symptoms and signs collectively characterize a disease, the disease is called…

Answer 16

A syndrome

Question 17

(Stages of disease)
Incubation

Answer 17

1. Incubation (First stage) - time between infection and first sign/symptoms. Depends on pathogen, infected dose, and health of patient (age,sleep,nutrition).

Question 18

(Stages of disease)
Prodromal

Answer 18

Prodromal (2nd stage) - time of first mild, vague symptoms, or might not occur with a disease.

Question 19

(Stages of disease)
Illness

Answer 19

Illness (3rd stage)- symptoms are most severe and obvious. They are most damaging to host in this stage as there is the highest amount of pathogens and immune response doesn’t overwhelm pathogen.

Question 20

(Stages of disease)
Decline

Answer 20

Decline (4th stage) - treatment and/or full immune response to limit and destroy the pathogen.

Question 21

(Stages of disease)
Convalescence

Answer 21

Convalescence (5th stage) - recovery with no symptoms/signs. Tissues damage and any other damage is repaired depending on severity of damage by pathogen.

Question 22

When is a patient infectious?

Answer 22

Depends on the pathogen present, some are infectious during all stages.

Question 23

Virulence

Answer 23

The degree of pathogenicity of a microbe.

Question 24

Define Virulence factors

Answer 24

Traits that allow pathogen to cause disease including traits that aid growth and avoid immune cells.

Question 25

If a pathogen loses its ability to make a virulence factor it becomes…

Answer 25

Avirulent (cannot cause disease)

Question 26

Virulence factors are…
(4 of them)

Answer 26

1. Adhesion mechanism
2. Extracellular enzymes
3. Toxins
4. Antiphagocytic factors

Question 27

Define human microbiome

Answer 27

The connection of fungi bacteria and archaea found (in) and on the human body.

Question 28

Define fomites

Answer 28

Inanimate object that can carry disease when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents.

Question 29

Define epidemiology

Answer 29

the study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population.

Question 30

Define incidence

Answer 30

Incidence refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time.

Question 31

Define prevalence

Answer 31

the proportion of a particular population found to be affected by a medical condition at a specific time.

Question 32

Define endemic

Answer 32

disease or a condition, regularly found and very common among a particular group or in a particular area.

Question 33

Define sporadic

Answer 33

Disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.

Question 34

Define epidemic

Answer 34

refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.

Question 35

Define pandemic

Answer 35

widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time.

Question 36

Define acute

Question 37

Define chronic

Question 38

Define latent

Question 39

Describe the importance of the human microbiome.

Question 40

Distinguish between contamination and infection.

Question 41

List the 3 types reservoirs of infection in humans

Question 42

List the portals of exit that pathogens use to get out of the body