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Microbiology Exam 2 > Ch 6 > Flashcards

Ch 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autotroph

A

Can make organic carbon from inorganic carbon (ex. CO2 into sugar, green plants/algae)

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2
Q

Heterotroph

A

Require premade organic carbon (ex. YOU)

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3
Q

Chemotroph

A

Break down organic molecules and converts the energy into covalent bonds into ATP. (Ex. Animals)

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4
Q

Phototroph

A

Convert energy in the sunlight into ATP (green plants, algae, cyanobacteria).

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5
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Use energy from sunlight to convert it into ATP and then produce organic carbon from inorganic carbon.

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6
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Use sunlight to make ATP but require premade organic carbon.

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7
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

Breaks down organic molecules and converts it into covalent bonds and then into ATP in order to make organic carbon from inorganic carbon.

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8
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Break down organic molecules into ATP, but require organic carbon.

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9
Q

Growth requirements

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and energy .

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10
Q

Growth-limiting nutrient

A

No more nitrogen means no more growth as the cell cannot grow without protein/DNA.

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11
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Nitrogen (n2) from air converted into ammonia (nh3) found in water or ammonium (nh4)

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12
Q

Why is nitrogen fixation important?

A

It’s essential for life on the planet and is the basis for crop rotation.

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13
Q

Why can oxygen be toxic?

A

Oxygen can steal electrons from important cell parts, which causes irreversible damage

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14
Q

To survive in oxygen, a cell must be able to detoxify what? (hint 4 things)

A
  1. Superoxide radical
  2. Peroxide
  3. Hydroxyl radical
  4. Singlet oxygen
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15
Q

What do organisms that survive in oxygen have in order to destroy toxic oxygen?

A

They have vitamins or anti-oxidants (vitamin C, and E) to destroy toxic oxygen. Organisms without any of these will die.

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16
Q

Aerobes

A

Uses 02 in metabolism

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17
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Require oxygen for metabolism
Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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18
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Considered to be aerobe because it grows best in oxygen, however it can survive without it, as it has metabolic pathways for both anaerobic and aerobic.
Ex. E-coli

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19
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Uses 02 in metabolism, but not always required, and can only tolerate oxygen in amounts less than the atmospheric concentration (less than 18%; prefer 3-10%) Ex. Helicobacter pylori (live in intestines)

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20
Q

Anaerobes

A

Do not use 02 in metabolism

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21
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Killed by oxygen
Ex. Clostridium tetani (lives in soil)

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22
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

No aerobic metabolism, but can tolerate oxygen as it just doesn’t use it for metabolism. Ex. Lactobacillus acidophilus ( found in milk.)

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23
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Cold loving, found in snow, ice and cold water. Optimum temp is 10 c which means it never causes disease in humans.
Organisms include algae, fungi, and bacteria.

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24
Q

Mesophiles

A

Optimum temp between 20-40 c; found in humans/animals and include pathogens and normal flora.

25
Q

Thermophiles

A

Optimum temp is 40-80 c, live in compost piles and Hot Springs

26
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

Optimum temp is 40-80 c; found in hot springs and include mostly archaea and some bacteria. They have special membranes, Nucleic acids, and enzymes which allow them to survive at high temps

27
Q

Neutrophiles

A

Optimum is near neutral (6.5-7.5); includes most organisms.

28
Q

Acidophiles

A

Grow best in acidic environments, often times produce the acid

29
Q

Obligate acidophiles

A

Require acidic environment, found in Hot Springs and water runoff from mines

30
Q

Acid-tolerant

A

Can tolerate acidic environments, many used in food industry

31
Q

Alkalinophiles

A

Grow best in alkaline environment, found in soil and water up to pH of 11.5

32
Q

Osmolarity

A

Difference of solute inside vs outside cell

33
Q

Halophiles

A

Grow best in hypertonic environment (up to 30% salt!) will explode in fresh water, found in great Salt Lake and salt Ponds

34
Q

Facultative halophiles

A

Do not require, but grow best in high salt environment. Ex. Staphylococcus aureus

35
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Water, exerts pressure in proportion to its depth. One atm of pressure for every 10m.

36
Q

Barophiles

A

Live at very high pressures at the bottom of the ocean. Require high pressure in order to maintain membranes and enzyme structures.

37
Q

Biofilms

A

Many species living together in a layer attached to a surface and is surrounded by glycolayx. Ex. River slime, dental plaque, shower drain, etc.

38
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Change in Physiology in response to number of microbes present

39
Q

Advantages of biofilms

A

Protected from the environment (drying, antibiotics, UV, chemicals, etc.) and different organisms play different metabolic rolls and can share resources aka co-op living.

40
Q

Generation time

A

Time to complete binary fission. Cell= 2n where n= # of generations.

41
Q

Growth curve

A

A graph that plots the number of organisms growing in a population over time.

42
Q

Why are microbes hard to plot conventional graphs?

A

They are hard to plot due to the exponential growth, as well as it’s hard to distinguish real time counts and you would need a really big sheet of paper for later counts.

43
Q

Logarithmic scale

A

Used for microbe growth chart, each unit is a factor of 10. Number of cells = logarithmic scale.

44
Q

Lag phase

A

No/little increase in cell number, cells are preparing for growth by making enzymes, etc.

45
Q

Log phase

A

Exponential growth occurs, lots of nutrients and low waste. More cells dividing than dying.

46
Q

Stationary phase

A

No increase in cell number, due to limited nutrients and increase waste. Cells dividing are equal to the amount of sales dying.

47
Q

Death phase

A

Out of nutrients and lots of waste, which is toxic and causes more cells to die, then divide.

48
Q

Describe the carbon cycle

A
49
Q

Describe how energy flows among organisms in an ecosystem

A
50
Q

Explain the importance of phototrophs and autotrophs to all life

A
51
Q

Why can’t some organisms tolerate oxygen?

A
52
Q

Nitrogen is typically the growth-limiting nutrient, why is this?

A
53
Q

How is nitrogen usually found in the environment?

A
54
Q

What is nitrogen fixation? What type of organism does this?

A
55
Q

Explain the importance of organisms that use nitrogen fixation to all life.

A
56
Q

How does the concentration of a solution affect microbes?

A
57
Q

Why are biofilms important to humans?

A
58
Q

What are the four phases of microbial growth?

A

Lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase

Microbiology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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