Ch 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define taxonomy

A

The science of classifying/naming organisms based on similar physiology/morphology

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2
Q

Define phylogeny

A

Classifying organisms by DNA sequencing/evolutionary sequences

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3
Q

Contributions of Carolus Linnaeus

A

Came up with taxonomy. Binomial nomenclature (genius, and specific epithet= species) believed life was divided into kingdoms; plantae and animalia.

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4
Q

Contributions of Robert Whittaker

A

Proposed taxonomic approach based on five kingdoms; animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, and morera (aka prokaryote).

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5
Q

Contributions of Carl Woese

A

Sequenced rRNA of prokaryotes to look for differences and determine relationships. Discovered that there are three distinct types; eukaryotes, bacteria, and Archaea.

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6
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

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7
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Naming system is used for organisms, two names, genus and specific epithet.

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8
Q

Clone

A

Process of producing similar population of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms produce asexually.

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9
Q

Strain

A

Population of cells derived from a single cell

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10
Q

Why is the traditional definition for species problematic for prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryote cells only do asexual (budding) which is where one cell makes a small protrusion with identical DNA in it, and eventually separates from the larger cell and gives rise to a new cell exactly identical to the parent cell/mother cell.

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11
Q

List the taxonomic groupings in descending order (most general to specific)

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Mnemonic: dumb kids play chase on freeway goes flat.

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12
Q

Methods used for classification of microbes

A

Physical characteristics, nutrition, metabolism, serological tests, phage typing, and analysis of nucleic acids.

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13
Q

Cladogram

A

Shows evolutionarily relationships by comparing RNA sequencing

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14
Q

Dichotomous key

A

Series of paired statements so that only one of the two either/or choices, applies to any particular organism.

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15
Q

Physical characteristics

A

Morphology as well as cell morphology in oxygen requirements (aerobes vs anaerobes) in other environmental requirements, such as temperature, pH, osmolarity, and hydrostatic pressure.

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16
Q

How is Nutrition and metabolism determined and what questions are used to help identify the organism?

A

Determined by biochem tests and media. Questions include what does it eat, waste products, metabolic pathways used, and are there any specific enzymes produced?

17
Q

Phage typing

A

Bacteriophage is a virus, that infects bacteria and each phage is specific to species of bacteria. Meaning, they only attached to specific species, and sometimes even only a certain strain.

18
Q

Analysis of nucleic acids

A

How similar are the DNA/RNA sequences?
PCR (making copies of DNA)/ DNA sequencing/compare unknown sequence with sequences in database of known organisms/shows best match.

19
Q

Outbreak!
Bacteria that causes gonorrhea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

20
Q

Outbreak!
What bacteria causes meningococcal meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis