Ch 11, 19-21 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define extremophile

A

organisms with the ability to thrive in extreme environments.

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2
Q

Define methanogen

A

microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic by-product in oxygen-limited environments.

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3
Q

Define beta-lactamase

A

diverse class of enzymes produced by bacteria that break open the beta-lactam ring, inactivating the beta-lactam antibiotic. Found in gram (-) bacteria.
Ex. Resistant to penicillin

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4
Q

Define M-protein

A
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5
Q

Define buboes

A
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6
Q

Describe the type III secretion system

A
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7
Q

Identify the common features of organisms in the Domain Archaea

A

Cell type: prokaryote
Cell walls: not peptidoglycan
Cell membranes: phospholipids (may be branched)
Unique rRNA,DNA contains introns, diverse in nutritional and environmental requirements. Ex. Extremophiles, methanogens

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8
Q

Sulfolobus
(Archaea)

A

Acidophile: pH 2
Thermophile: 70 c
Found in sulfur rich hot spring (national parks)
Uses sulfur for respiration instead of oxygen

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9
Q

Halobacterium
(Archaea)

A

Includes: halophile
Grow in salty environment.
Opt: 17-23% salt
Found in great salt lake and solar evaporation ponds for salt manufacture

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10
Q

What does bacteriorhodopsin do?

A

It’s used to harvest sunlight for energy and is alternative to silicon for faster computer chips.
Has a purple pigment
Ex. Phototroph

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11
Q

Methanobacterium
(Archaea)

A

Largest group of archaea that are obligate anaerobes which convert co2/acids into CH4 (methane). Found in marshes, swamps, intestines of animals and marine sediments. Also used in sewage treatment

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12
Q

Define biogas

A

Methane from digestion of sludge, organic waste
Ex. Cow manure, landfill waste

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13
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A

Cell type: prokaryote
Cell walls: peptidoglycan
Cell membranes: phospholipids that form bilayer but no branching FA’s
Unique rRNA

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14
Q

Phylum Firmicutes
(Bacteria)

A

Low-GC (gram positive), includes endospore formers and bacteria important to health and industry.
Ex. Staphylococcus, streptococcus, Bacillus, and Clostridium.

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15
Q

Define toxic shock syndrome and what causes it.

A

Fever,vomiting,rash, low blood pressure, loss of sheets of skin. Can be caused by leaving tampon in too long due to regular flora that is transferred during insertion.

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16
Q

Staphylococcus aureus
(Phylum firmicutes, bacteria)

A

Causes many human disease (food poisoning to endocarditis) and can cause toxic shock
Key virulence factors- enzyme beta lactamase and toxic shock syndrome toxin -> turns immune cells on inappropriately causing massive immune response that leads to symptoms
Treatment: treat symptoms and antibiotics

17
Q

What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?
(Phylum firmicutes, bacteria)

A

Causes: pharyngitis (strep), scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, kidney disease, and rarely necrotizing fasciitis

18
Q

Define rheumatic fever

A

Auto immune complication of untreated and pharyngitis. Signs include fever, migrating, polyarthritis, migrating rash, and carditis. Common cause is due to a heart valve damage, but has become uncommon in the world world through the antibiotics.

19
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes
(Phylum firmicutes, bacteria)

A

Key virulence- antiphagocytic factor (capsule) and M-protein.
Treatment - long term antibiotics for infection/prevent recurrence and anti-inflammatory drugs to treat rheumatic fever symptoms

20
Q

Streptococcus mutans
(Phylum firmicutes, bacteria)

A

40% present in mouth and is found predominantly in the pits and fissures of teeth.
Has fermentative metabolism (produces acid)
Cause dental Caries
Key virulence- produces glycocalyx to attach to cells and produce biofilm

21
Q

What is Dental caries and what is treatment/prevention for it?

A

Erosion of tooth enamel which can cause pain, difficulty eating, tooth loss, and infection. (Sucrose is glucose + fructose=acid to enamel)
Treatment/prevention - remove all of affected tooth and replace with filling or remove tooth. Brush with fluoride and floss to remove biofilm and change diet (ex. Use xylitol instead of sucrose as S. Mutants can’t use it

22
Q

Lactobacillus
(Phylum firmicutes, bacteria)

A

Normal flora of digestive/genital system
Fermentative organisms: “Lactic acid bacteria” (produce bacteriocins,H2O2, and LA to kill of pathogens).
May prevent biofilm formation on teeth
Used as probiotic for IBS and gastric ulcers.
Also found in food fermentations ex. Sauerkraut, yogurt, cheese, etc

23
Q

What are the benefits to Lactobacillus to the digestive system?

A

Production of lactic acid prevents growth of Candida albicans (yeast infection bacteria) and bacterial vaginosis.

24
Q

Clostridium difficile
(Phylum firmicutes, bacteria)

A

Rod shaped, obligate anaerobe, endospore former and normal flora of gut bacteria. Endospores may be transported by fecal-oral route (C.diff colitis)
Common nosocomial infection caused by long term antibiotic use.
Key virulence factor- TcdA and TcdB toxins that kill colon cells leading to severe inflammation in areas
Treatment- stop antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte replacement and fecal transplant

25
Q

What does Clostridium difficile cause?

A

Causes watery diarrhea with cramping, and fever. Severe cases can cause lead to death by dehydration or perforation of colon which leads to sepsis

26
Q

Actinobacteria
(Bacteria)

A

High G+C (gram positive bacteria)
Many are pleomorphic (vary size/shape)
Many have filamentous doesn’t and are common in soil
Include genus: mycobacterium

27
Q

Mycobacterium
(Actinobacteria, bacteria)

A

Acid fast bacilli, Not very virulent, and transmission/disease rate is low
Treatment: long-term multiple antibiotics
Key virulence: mycolic acid ( survived in dried droplets for 8 months and prevents digestion in phagolysosome of phagocyte)

28
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Actinobacteria, bacteria)

A

Persistent cough with blood and chest pain.
Advanced disease: fever, weakness
Primary - people can live with infection ( most common)
Secondary - can rupture and reinfect

29
Q

Phylum Proteobacteria
(Bacteria)

A

Named after Greek god proteus (changes shape), gram-negative, lipid A virulence factor. 5 classes; alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon that are based on 16s rRNA sequences

30
Q

Class Alphaproteobacteria

A

Capable of growth at low nutrients.
Includes nitrogen, fixers, plant, symbients, pathogens, and the precursors to mitochondria.
Genus : Rickettsia

31
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii
Class Alpha
(Phylum Proteobacterium)

A

Extremely small obligate (has to live inside cells), intracellular, parasites. Cause rocky mountain spotted fever.
Key virulence factor : enzyme to destroy the phagosome membrane
Treatment : remove chicken, treat with antibiotics (early treatment is key)

32
Q

Bordetella pertussis
Class beta
(Phylum Proteobacterium)

A

Non-motile aerobic coccobacillus
Causes of whooping cough, vomiting, exhaustion, turning blue, and broken ribs . Key virulence factors: several toxins
Pertusis toxin is an adhesion. Two toxins increase mucus production in tracheal cells, which prevents ciliated movement and kill ciliated cells in trachea. Meaning cells can not sweep out bacterial in paralyzed.
Treatment: tetanus, diphtheria, and Patrias vaccine prevent illness. Mostly treat the symptoms and immune system will kill bacteria. Antibiotics are not usually recommended.

33
Q

Class Betaproteobacteria

A

Nutrients come from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter

34
Q

Class Gammaproteobacteria

A

Largest group of proteobacteria
Physiology is varied