Chapter 14 Flashcards
Why do we need water every day?
-biological processes will cease within a few days
-major component of blood
-cannot be stored
Where is most of the water in the body found?
within our cells
What is interstitial fluid?
fluid between cells
What is included in interstitial fluid?
-GI fluid
-Spinal column fluid
-fluid in eyes, tears
-synovial fluid in joints
What is included in intravascular fluid?
blood and lymph
Intracellular fluid
Major cations: K+ and Mg2+
Major anions: phosphate and sulfate
Extracellular fluid
Major cations: Na+ and Ca2+
Major anions: Cl-
Sodium potassium pump
3 Na+ pumped in
2 K+ pumped out
-requires ATP
Water likes to?
party
What is osmosis?
passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
hippotonic
swell
-water intoxication; most common in marathon runners
What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
hyper people=skinny
shrink
What organs regulate fluid balance?
brain, lungs, and liver
Which organs play the biggest role in fluid balance?
kidneys
When bp is low or blood volume has decline, the body will trigger?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
RAAS
- release Antidiuretic hormone
- renin-> angiotensin I
- Angiotensin I-> Angiotensin II
->Aldosterone - water retention
What does Angiotensin II do?
constriction of blood vessels and release of aldosterone
What does Aldosterone do?
signals kidneys to retain more Na+ and Cl-
How does water retention affect blood pressure?
increases
What are the functions of water?
Maintenance of blood volume
Transport of nutrients and oxygen
Temperature regulation
Waste product removal
Act as solvent
What does it mean to have a high specific heat capacity?
can capture a lot of heat without raising internal temperature
What are some of the negative effects of a high body temp?
damage cells and protein denaturation
What are some foods that contain a lot of water?
fruits and vegetables
Are caffeinated beverages dehydrating?
no caffeine amount less than fluid amount
What does alcohol consumption inhibit?
antidiuretic hormone
What is the adequate intake for water for men and women?
1ml water per kcal consumed or 30-35ml per kg of body weight
Men: 15cups
Women: 11cups
Insensible losses?
cannot measure
Sensible losses?
can measure
What can cause dehydration?
diarrhea, vomiting, fever, exercise, hot weather, dry environments, high altitudes
What is hyponatremia?
low serum sodium
cause: water intoxication
electrolytes<fluid
Which athletes are at the greatest risk for water intoxication?
marathon runners: sweat a lot and just drink plain water
What does potable mean?
drinkable water
What proportion of the earth’s water is potable freshwater?
3%
What proportion of global freshwater withdrawals are used for agriculture?
70%
What is Ogallala Aquifer?
largest underground source of water in America
Virtual water content of animal foods compared to plant foods?
animal foods have higher content
Diarrhea kills how many children each day?
2,195
The world has produced as much plastic as all the preceding years combined since?
2000
By 2050, if no action is taken to address the plastic waste crisis, there will be more plastic in the?
ocean (by weight) than fish
What percent of 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste is recycled?
9%
What percent of all plastic products are intended for single use?
50%
How many deaths from fossil fuel air pollution?
1 in 5 deaths
Up until 2018, where was most of this plastic waste sold and shipped?
China and Hong Kong
What proportion of bottled water comes straight from the tap?
40%
Who regulates bottled water?
FDA
Who regulates tap water?
EPA
-checks tap water frequently
What 2 resources are required to produce plastic?
fossil fuels and water
What are microplastics?
less than 5mm in diameter or length
Microplastics found where?
-bottom of the Marianas Trench
-Arctic sea ice
-rainwater in Colorado
-on top of pyrenees mountains in France
How do microplastics in the soil impact plant growth and earthworm biomass?
affect pH and plant height
What things can affect the bioavailability of different minerals?
-influenced by phytates, oxalates, fiber, and another vitamin present
-influenced by need
-similar valence minerals compete
-gastric acidity
The mineral content of foods can be impacted by what?
soil, water, plant genetics, weather, processing, and preparation of food
What are the functions of sodium?
-aids in fluid balance
-helps absorb glucose and AA in the SI
-required for normal muscle and nerve function (electrical potential)
Most of the sodium in our diet comes from what?
processed/fast foods
What are some of the side effects of consuming too much sodium?
-increases risk of hypertension
-heart disease
-stroke
What is the CDRR for sodium?
2,300mg/d = 1tsp of salt
How does processing affect sodium content in food?
increases sodium content
What is hyponatremia?
low blood sodium levels
What are the causes of hyponatremia?
excessive perspiration, diarrhea or vomiting, water intoxication
Effects of hyponatremia?
headache, nausea/vomiting, fatigue, muscle cramps, seizures, coma/death
What is hypernatremia?
high blood sodium levels
Side effects of hypernatremia?
hypertension (heart disease, stroke)
increased urinary calcium excretion (kidney stones)
What are the risk factors of hypertension?
can be primary (age, race)
or
can be secondary (kidney disease)
How does race impact sodium sensitivity?
low-renin
african americans most sensitive
Normal blood pressure
120/80
What are the functions of potassium?
-aids in fluid balance
-required for normal muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses
Potassium can counteract the effects of which nutrient?
sodium
What are the sources of potassium?
fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dried beans and milk
What are some of the side effects of consuming too little potassium?
can lead to cardiac arrhythmia
What are causes and side effects of hypokalemia?
causes: vomiting, diarrhea, eating disorders, alcoholism
effects: cardiac arrhythmia
What are causes and side effects of hyperkalemia?
causes: impaired kidney function
effects: irregular heartbeat and cardiac arrest
What are the functions of chloride?
-aids in fluid balance
-needed for the transmission of nerve impulses
-component of HCl
What are the sources of chloride?
salt, seaweed, some fruits and vegetables `
What is mean cell volume?
measures the average size of your RBCs
What is the definition of anemia?
occurs when # of normal RBCs is lower than normal or level of hemoglobin is low
What is the definition of anemia?
occurs when # of normal RBCs is lower than normal or level of hemoglobin is low
What is polycythemia?
body overproduces RBCs
How can dehydration affect hematocrit?
increases hematocrit %
What are the functions of iron?
-component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
-involved in oxidation reduction reactions
-involved in immunity
-involved in energy metabolism
What is myoglobin?
containing heme, caries oxygen in muscles
What are the sources of iron?
clams, liverwurst, navy beans
What is heme iron?
animal products
What is non-heme iron?
vegetables and grains
What is MFP factor?
peptide present in meat, fish, and poultry
-enhances absorption of nonheme iron
What are some things that increase iron absorption?
vitamin C and gastric acid
What are some things that decrease iron absorption?
calcium and plant components
Which individuals are at the greatest risk of developing an iron deficiency?
-premature infants
-young children
-women of childbearing age
-vegetarians and vegans
-frequent blood donors
What are some of the side effects of consuming too little iron?
microcytic, hypochromic anemia
-compromises immune function and delays cognitive development
What are the side effects of consuming too much iron?
inflammation of the stomach lining and ulcers
What are the functions of zinc?
-DNA and RNA synthesis
-reproduction, growth, development
-bone formation
-immune function
-antioxidant and taste acuity
Zinc is needed for the functioning of over?
300 enzymes
What are sources of zinc?
meat, seafood, nuts, beans, whole grains
What are the functions of vitamin K?
-K+ coagulation in the blood
-bone formation
-metabolism
What are sources of vitamin K?
green leafy vegetables, bacteria in large intestine
People on what type of medications need to maintain a consistent vitamin K intake?
warfarin and similar anticoagulants
Why are infants give a vitamin K injection following birth?
their guts don’t have bacteria that can synthesize vitamin K
