Chapter 12 Flashcards
What makes vitamins essential?
body doesn’t make them (organic)
How many essential vitamins are there?
13
How many water-soluble vitamins are there?
9
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Biotin
Pyridoxine (B6)
Folate (B9)
Cobalamin (B12)
Vitamin C
How many fat-soluble vitamins are there?
4- Vitamin A, D, E, K
What are some of the vitamins involved in energy metabolism?
B1,B2,B3, PA, and Biotin
What is megaloblastic anemia?
Cells are big and immature (Macrocytic)
What is pernicious anemia?
cells are big and too few (Macrocytic)
Which nutrient deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia?
Folate deficiency
What are some of the functions of vitamins?
-cell growth
-energy metabolism (coenzymes)
-antioxidant defense
-immunity
-blood clotting
-collagen
-neurotransmitter synthesis
How much do humans typically need of vitamins and macronutrients?
Macronutrients= g
Vitamins= mcg or mg range
What are some of the conditions associated with an iodine deficiency?
goiter and cretinism
What is a pharmacologic dose?
very high doses
Which vitamin is supplemented in high doses to lower blood lipid levels?
niacin
-brings up HDL levels
One side effect of supplementing niacin in high doses?
niacin flush
Vitamin E is more potent in which form?
natural form
d prefix
natural form
dl prefix
synthetic
Which is more biologically active, folate or folic acid?
folic acid
What are four vitamins/minerals that are better absorbed when your body produces adequate stomach acid?
calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin C
Fat-soluble vitamins absorbed with?
dietary fat
Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed how?
independent of dietary fat
What are some diseases that could impact the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?
pancreatic disease, intestinal disease, liver disease
Why are fat-soluble nutrients more likely to cause toxicity side effects?
accumulate in adipose tissue
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)
cause: alcohol abuse
symptoms: confusion, ataxia, weakness, peripheral neuropathy
Which vitamin does alcohol impair the digestion, absorption, storage of?
Thiamin: important in the metabolism of energy, which is why people with WKS experience neurological side effects
Fat-soluble vitamins transport?
chylomicrons-> lymphatic system-> bloodstream-> adipose tissue & liver
Water-soluble vitamins transport?
absorbed directly into bloodstream and distributed throughout the body
What fat-soluble vitamin is produced by the bacteria in the gut?
small amounts of vitamin K and biotin
How are vitamins transported in the body?
chylomicrons
Which two fat-soluble nutrients are most likely to cause toxicity side effects?
Vitamin A & D
Why are water-soluble vitamins less likely to cause toxicity?
excreted in urine
Vitamin toxicity rare?
food consumption
What are a few water-soluble nutrients that have a UL?
Niacin, B6, Vitamin C, choline
Why are deficiency diseases rarer in developed countries?
-enrichment
-fortification
-sufficient access to food
-varied diet
Clinical deficiency?
you can see signs
What are the top 3 nutrient deficiencies in the world?
Iron, vitamin A, iodine
Iron deficiency causes?
anemia
Iodine deficiency causes?
goiter and cretinism
Vitamin A deficiency causes?
blindness
What are some things that affect a food’s vitamin content?
-growing conditions
-exposure to heat, light, air, alkalinity
-processing
-storage
-carbon dioxide levels (less nutrition)
How does processing impact the nutrient content of a food?
losses them
Which vitamin is the easiest destroyed?
vitamin C
Which cooking methods are best for retaining the B vitamins and vitamin C?
steaming, stir-frying, microwaving (less water)
What are the nutrients involved in enrichment?
B1, B2, B3, Folic acid, and Iron
What is fortification?
adding vitamins or minerals to food that weren’t originally there
What is an example of fortification?
calcium in orange juice
Does enrichment add back all the nutrients lost during processing?
no
Vitamin A is the leading cause of preventable what in children?
blindness
What is golden rice?
contains beta carotene that can be converted to vitamin A
Do carrots and other vegetables/fruits contain pre-formed vitamin A?
yes
Carotenodermia
excessive consumption of beta-carotene
(orange skin)
Minerals
inorganic
ultra-trace minerals
super tiny
How much do you need per day for a mineral to be classified as major or trace?
major: >100mg/day
trace: <100mg/day
Major minerals
calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, potassium
Trace minerals
iron, iodine, zinc
What’s the most abundant mineral in the body?
calcium
Where is most of calcium found?
bones
What are some things that affect absorption?
-gut health
-stomach acid production
-minerals can compete with one another
What is phytic acid?
-binds minerals with a positive charge
-found in fiber
What is oxalic acid?
-high in calcium, but not bioavailable
-found in leafy, green plants
What are some of the minerals that compete with iron for absorption?
Calcium, Magnesium, copper
Which vitamin improves iron absorption?
vitamin C
Which vitamin improves calcium absorption?
vitamin D
How are minerals transported?
in the blood
What is one mineral that can bind to albumin?
calcium
If someone has kidney disease, they might have to alter their intake of?
phosphorus, potassium, sodium
Too much iron in males causes?
iron deposits within body tissue (can be toxic)
Individual mineral supplements can be contaminated with?
lead
What is the USP?
U.S. Pharmacopeia verifies supplements and tests if supplements are safe to consume
What minerals do Americans not consume enough of?
-calcium
-potassium (baked potato with skin)
-magnesium (chlorophyll)
What are some things people can do to increase their iron intake and absorption?
consume vitamin C
Heme Iron
Meat (more bioavailable)
Non-heme Iron
Plants (less bioavailable)
What is the DSHEA?
classified supplements as foods
Which government entity oversees dietary supplements?
FDA
What are a few examples of supplements that may be appropriate for individuals?
calcium or iron supplements
Women of child-bearing age need this nutrient in sufficient amounts to prevent neural tube defects
Folic acid
What are the antioxidant nutrients?
Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, selenium and zinc
Microcytic hypochromic Anemia
Iron deficiency and vitamin B6
-cells are small and lack color
-less hemoglobin production
Hemorrhagic Anemia
Vitamin K deficiency
-loss of RBCs
