Chapter 13 Flashcards
What are some of the B-vitamins that play a role in energy metabolism?
niacin, riboflavin, biotin
Vitamins and minerals have kcal?
no
Which vitamin does transamination and deamination require?
vitamin B6
What is an apoenzyme?
inactive enzyme
What is a cofactor/coenzyme?
enable specific enzymes to function (vitamins & minerals)
What is a holoenzyme?
active enzyme
What is one nutrient involved in decarboxylation reactions?
thiamin
What are two nutrients involved in one-carbon unit transfers?
folic acid & B12
TPP
Thiamin pyrophosphate
B1 coenzyme
FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
B2 coenzyme
FMN
Flavin mononucleotide
B2 coenzyme
NAD
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
B3 coenzyme
NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
B3 coenzyme
Pantothenic Acid is part of Coenzyme?
A (coA)
PLP
pyridoxal phosphate
B6 coenzyme
Thiamin (B1)
-can impact CNS
-needed to metabolize CHO and branched chain amino acids
Sources of Thiamin?
seeds, legumes, whole and enriched grains
Which animal product is a good source of Thiamin?
pork products
What are the 3 BCAAs?
valine, leucine, isoleucine
What is beriberi?
thiamin deficiency disease that is often associated with diets consisting of mainly milled white rice
Wet beriberi
affects: cardiovascular system
symptoms: lack of energy, muscle pain, edema (poor circulation), poor memory
Dry beriberi
affects: nervous system
symptoms: degeneration of the nerves, atrophy of muscle, loss of reflexes
Why is WKS connected to alcohol abuse?
alcohol can intervene with a digestion/absorption of thiamin
Riboflavin (B2) functions:
-energy production
-B vitamin metabolism
-formation of other antioxidants
What are some food sources of riboflavin?
dairy products, liver, plant-based foods
Why are milk containers often solid or opaque?
riboflavin breaks down when exposed to light
Ariboflavinosis
affects mouth
Glossitis
inflamed and sore tongue
Angular Cheilitis
red, swollen patches in the corners of your mouth
Stomatitis
inflamed and sore mouth
Alcoholism and nutrition
increases GI inflammation and consuming less nutrients
IBS, IBD, Gluten intolerance and nutrition
increase deficiency probability
Niacin (B3) function?
-energy production
-breakdown of CHO, PRO, FAT
What are some sources of niacin?
meat and enriched grains
Niacin can be made from the amino acid?
Tryptophan
60mg of dietary Tryptophan yields
1 mg of niacin
Bioavailability of niacin low in?
corn
What improves bioavailability of niacin?
soaking food in solution of lime water
What is the only dietary deficiency disease to ever reach epidemic levels in the U.S.?
Pellagra
What are the 4 Ds of Pellagra?
-Diarrhea
-Dermatitis (photosensitive)
-Dementia
-Death
Sometime people are given pharmacological doses of nicotinic acid because?
increases HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels in the blood
What is Casal’s necklace?
photosensitive area: neck (scaly)
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Forms: Acetyl-CoA (links metabolism of all macros)
-Lost during processing
Biotin (B7)
-produced by good gut bacteria
Who can develop a deficiency of biotin?
people who consume raw eggs because avidin binds to biotin
Chromium enhances the action of which hormone?
insulin
Sources of Chromium?
protein foods, whole grains, vegetables, dark chocolate
What is the PLP coenzyme needed for?
protein metabolism and synthesis of neurotransmitters
What is homocysteine?
amino acid that in high levels increases CVD risk
What regulates homocysteine levels?
B6, Folate, B12
B6 if found in what foods?
protein foods
Folate
natural form
Folic Acid
synthetic form
Functions of Folate
-DNA synthesis and repair
-needed to make new cells
-homocysteine metabolism
Sources of folate?
foliage (green leafy veggies), legumes, fortified products
Folate deficiency can lead to?
-birth defects such as spina bifida
-megaloblastic anemia
Women capable of becoming pregnant are advised to consume how much synthetic folate?
400-600ug
Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin (B12) functions?
-AA & FA metabolism
-convert homocysteine into methionine
-maintain healthy nerves
Vitamin B12 is only naturally found in which kind of foods?
animal origin
Vitamin B12 absorption requires?
produced by stomach-> intrinsic factor
Symptoms of B12 deficiency?
visual disturbances, memory loss, numbness
What can mask a B12 deficiency?
folate supplementation
What foods contain iodine?
saltwater seafood, seaweed, iodized salt, and dairy products
What does iodine do?
synthesis of thyroid hormones
What do thyroid hormones do?
-impact metabolism rate
-development of brain and nervous system
