Chapter 10 Flashcards
Obesogenic
obesity promoting
Worldwide obesity has ___ since 1975
tripled
More than ____ adults globally are overweight or obese
2 billion
Obesity
caloric intake > expenditure
positive energy balance
Energy Equilibrium
energy intake = energy expenditure
Negative Energy Balance
Energy intake < Energy expenditure
How is calories in food calculated?
bomb calorimeter
RMR
when not fasting or completely rested (resting metabolic rate)
Total Energy Expenditure=
BMR + TEF + PA + NEAT
BMR
minimum amount of energy expended in fasting state
basal metabolic rate
BMR for Males
1.0kcal/kg per hr
BMR for Females
0.9kcal/kg per hr
What factors increase BMR?
greater muscles mass, body temp, stress hormone release, larger body surface, gain weight, growth, caffeine, tobacco
What factors decrease BMR?
hypothyroidism, restricted calorie intake, aging after 60yrs old
TEF
energy used to digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize nutrients
thermic effect of food 10%
What macromolecule requires more TEF?
protein
Do larger or smaller meals have a higher TEF?
larger meals
NEAT
unplanned physical activity
- fidgeting, standing, sitting
Direct Calorimetry
measures body heat released by utilizing an insulated chamber
What are the issues with direct calorimetry?
expensive and complex
Indirect Calorimetry
an estimate using collected expired air
What is the gold standard for estimating calorie requirements in a clinical setting?
indirect calorimetry
Doubly Labeled H2O
used for free living subjects by tracking water by isotopes
What equation is the gold standard for calculating estimated energy requirements?
Mifflin St. Jeor Equation
What can be the exception of the total energy expenditure?
highly active athletes because their physical activity can surpass BMR
In general, people ____ how much they consume, and ______ their physical activity
underestimate, overestimate
Hunger
physiological
Appetite
psychological
Satiety
feeling satisfied
Hypothalamus
regulates food intake
slow to react
Ghrelin
made by stomach
EAT
What condition is a result of overproduction of Ghrelin?
Prader Willi Syndrome
Leptin
made by adipose
SATIETY
Two equations for calculating BMI?
weight (kg) / Height (m^2)
or
weight (lb) x 703 / Height (in^2)
BMI measurements are not appropriate for?
frail elderly, lactating/pregnant women, children, teens
Is it possible for someone to be considered overweight, but not overfat?
Yes, because muscle weighs more than fat
BMI of an underweight person?
<18.5
BMI of a healthy person?
18.5 - 24.9
BMI of an overweight person?
25 - 29.9
BMI of an obese person?
> 30
Hamwi Equation for women?
100lb + 5lb for every inch over 5ft
add 10% to get healthy range
Hamwi Equation for men?
106lb + 6lb for every inch over 5ft
add 10% to get healthy range
Healthy amount of body fat for men?
8-24%
Healthy amount of body fat for women?
21-35%
What are the ways one can measure body fat content?
-underwater weighing
-air displacement
-skinfold thickness
-bioelectrical impedance
-DEXA
What regions of the body can be measured with the skinfold thickness tactic?
triceps, sub-scapular region, iliac crest
What is bioelectrical impedance?
Send a current through body and is effective because fat slows the current
When is bioelectrical impedance reliable?
with normal hydration
What is the most accurate way to measure body fat content?
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
What does DEXA do?
releases radiation
Android obesity?
-upper body fat (apple shape)
-most common in males
What does android obesity increase the risk of?
CVD, hypertension, type II diabetes
Gynoid Obesity
-lower body fat (pear shape)
-most common in females
What is the high risk waist circumference for males?
> 40inches
What is the high risk waist circumference for females?
> 36inches
What is the most common surgery in the U.S.?
cholecystectomy
Genes may account for _____% of weight differences between people?
40-70%
Thrifty gene theory?
burn fewer calories; gain weight over time
Set point theory?
all people have a predetermined weight
A decrease in parathyroid hormone can help people?
lose weight
Marfan Syndrome
-long extremities
-big hands
Orthorexia
unhealthy obsession with healthy eating
What is the main driver of weight gain and chronic diseases?
poverty
What are the 3 components to sound weight loss?
-control energy intake
-physical activity
-control problem behaviors
How many kcal per pound?
3500kcal
What is a healthy amount to lose per week?
1-2lbs
What is the leading predicator of an eating disorder?
people that diet
What are examples of cognitive restructuring?
-think of progress, not shortcomings
-avoid unreasonable goals
What is the most common bariatric surgery in U.S.?
Roux-en-Y
What does bariatric surgery do?
-restrict eating
-promote malabsorption
What are the health risks associated with having a BMI <18.5
-loss of menstrual function
-loss of bone mass
-interfere with growth
An example of a novelty diet?
grapefruit diet
What are quack fad diets?
must buy product/service
Disordered eating?
mild, short-term changes in eating patterns
Eating disorder?
more severe
Characteristics of anorexia nervosa?
-low body weight
-hair loss
-amenorrhea
-osteoporosis
-electrolyte issues
-low heart rate
Characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
-binge and purge
-normal weight
-esophageal irritation
-irritations on back of hand
Binging Eating Disorder
-binge
-overweight
