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A&P : Unit 2 > Chapter 13.1 : The Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Chapter 13.1 : The Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Spinal Cord

A

Conduction, Locomotion, Reflexes

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2
Q

local neural circuits (central pattern generators)

A

are pools of neurons located at each segment of the spinal column that help to control of flexors and extensors which cause alternating movements of the lower limbs // brain sends command but local neural circuits carry out the actual movements

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3
Q

The spinal cord passes through the

A

vertebral foramen

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4
Q

The inferior margin of the brain ends at __ or a little beyond

A

L1

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5
Q

Spinal cord size

A

averages 1.8 cm thick and 45 cm long

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6
Q

Spinal cord occupies the upper ______ of the
vertebral canal

A

two thirds

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7
Q

At each segment of the bony spinal column, a pair of
axon exit the spinal cord. These are the ______ _____
that connect the cord to muscles and other organs..

A

spinal nerves

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8
Q

The spinal cord gives rise to __ pair of spinal nerves

A

31

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9
Q

The first pair of spinal nerve passes between the skull and C1. All other pass through the ________ _________

A

intervertebral foramen

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10
Q

medullary cone

A

(conus medullaris)

cord tapers to a point inferior to
lumbar enlargement

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11
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal
from L2 to S5

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12
Q

terminal filum

A

extension of pia matter from medullary cone which
anchors spinal cord to inferiorly to coccyx

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13
Q

Longitudinal grooves on anterior and posterior surface
of spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

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14
Q

Spinal cord divided into the

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions

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15
Q

Two areas of the cord are thicker than elsewhere

A
  • cervical enlargement – nerves to upper limb
  • lumbar enlargement – nerves to pelvic region and
    lower limbs
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16
Q

Lateral horns located only at

A

thoracic and lumbar segments

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17
Q

The Meninges of the Spinal Cord

A

Three fibrous connective tissue membranes that
enclose the brain and spinal cord
– separate soft tissue of central nervous system from
bones of cranium and vertebral canal
– from superficial to deep
* dura mater
* arachnoid mater
* pia mater

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18
Q

The Meninges of the Spinal Cord from superficial to deep

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater

DAP

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19
Q

Dura Mater

A

Forms loose fitting sleeve around
spinal cord // dura mater around
brain is fused to periosteum

Dura mater is tough, collagenous
membrane with an epidural space
between dura mater and
periosteum. This space is filled
with adipocytes.

An epidural anesthesia is often
injected into the epidural space
during childbirth.

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20
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

Layer of simple squamous epithelium lining dura mater and a loose mesh of collagenous and elastic fibers spanning the gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

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21
Q

subarachnoid space

A

gap between arachnoid membrane and the pia mater /// filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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22
Q

lumbar cistern. What does it contain?

A

subarachnoid space inferior to medullary cone that contains cauda equina and CSF

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23
Q

Pia Mater

A

delicate, translucent membrane that follows the contours
of the spinal cord

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24
Q

terminal filum

A

fibrous strand of pia mater that extends
beyond the medullary cone within the lumbar cistern

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25
Q

coccygeal ligament

A

formed from fusion of terminal filum and dura mater // anchors the cord and meninges to vertebra Co1

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26
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

pia mater extends through the
arachnoid mater to the dura mater // anchors spinal cord
to limit side to side movement

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27
Q

Connective tissue from axon to spinal nerve order

A

Axon, myelin sheath, endoneurium, perineurium (surround fascicle), fascicles and blood vessels make up a spinal nerve that is covered in epineurium around entire nerve.

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28
Q

gray matter shaped like a

A

butterfly

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29
Q

white matter in _ columns // white areas = ____

A

3 ; tracts

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30
Q

gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies with little myelin // site of information processing – synaptic integration // grey matter = horns

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31
Q

white matter

A

abundantly myelinated axons // carry signals from one part of the CNS to another

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32
Q

Posterior grey horns

A

cell bodies and axons of interneurons + incoming sensory neurons form dorsal root ganglion

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33
Q

Anterior grey horns

A

somatic motor nuclei to skeletal muscles (LMN /// local motor neurons)

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34
Q

Lateral grey horns

A

only in thoracic and upper lumbar / contain autonomic motor nuclei / regulate smooth muscle – cardiac muscle - glands

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35
Q

Grey commissure

A

connects right and left sides // punctured by a central canal lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF

36
Q

White matter is

A

bundles of axons that course up and down the cord (i.e. arranged in fasicles)

Provide pathway of communication between CNS and
PNS target tissues

37
Q

columns

A

or funiculi – three pair of these white
matter bundles

  • Posterior columns (dorsal)
  • Anterior columns (ventral)
  • Lateral columns
38
Q

tracts or fasciculi

A

subdivisions of each column

39
Q

ascending tracts

A

carry sensory information up the spinal cord

40
Q

descending tracts

A

carry motor information down the spinal
cord // all nerve fibers in a given tract have a similar origin,
destination, and function

41
Q

decussation

A

as the fibers pass up or down the brain stem and
spinal cord they cross over from the left to the right side and vise versa

42
Q

contralateral

A

when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

43
Q

ipsilateral

A

when the origin and destination of a
tract are on the same side of the body // does not
decussate

44
Q

ascending tracts carry

A

sensory signals up the spinal cord // sensory to the brain

45
Q

sensory signals travel across _ neurons from origin in receptors to the destination in the sensory areas of the brain // typical pattern

A

3
– first order neurons – detect stimulus and transmit
signal to spinal cord or brain-stem
– second order neurons – continues to the thalamus at
the upper end of the brain-stem
– third order neurons – carries the signal the rest of the
way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

46
Q

first order neurons

A

detect stimulus and transmit
signal to spinal cord or brain-stem

47
Q

second order neurons

A

continues to the thalamus at
the upper end of the brain-stem

48
Q

third order neurons

A

carries the signal the rest of the
way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

49
Q

Major Ascending Tracts

A
  • cuneate fasciculus (above T6)
  • gracile fasciculus (below T6)
  • spinothalamic tract
  • spinoreticular tract
  • spinocerebellar tracts - posterior and
    anterior
50
Q

Cuneate Fasciculus // Ascending

A

carries signals for vibration, visceral pain, deep and
discriminating touch, and proprioception from lower
limbs and lower trunk

51
Q

What is proprioception? Called the forgotten sensation

A

non-visual sensation for the position and movement
of the body from receptors located in skeletal muscles /
CF is a conscious pathway

52
Q

Gracile Fasciculus // Ascending

A

carries signals for vibration, visceral
pain, deep and discriminating touch,
and proprioception from lower limbs
and lower trunk

53
Q

medial lemniscus

A

formed
from the second-order neurons
of gracile and cuneate systems
that decussate in the medulla

54
Q

Spinothalamic Pathway // Ascending

A

pain, pressure,
temperature, light touch, tickle, and itch

55
Q

Spinoreticular Tract // Ascending

A

carries pain signals resulting from tissue injury

ascends the cord // end in reticular formation

56
Q

reticular formation

A

loosely organized core of gray matter in the medulla
and pons

57
Q

Spinocerebellar Tracts // Ascending

A

carry proprioceptive signals from limbs and trunk to the cerebellum

58
Q

first-order neurons originate in the ______ and ______ // end in ____________________

A

muscles ; tendons ; posterior horn of the spinal cord

59
Q

Spinocerebellar Tracts provide cerebellum with feedback needed to _______ ______ _____ // subconscious knowledge of muscle’s actual performance

A

coordinate muscle actions

60
Q

The Descending Motor Tracts

A

Carry motor signals down the brain-stem and spinal cord

61
Q

What are the two pathways of descending motor tract?

A

pyramidal pathway VS extra-pyramidal pathway

62
Q

Pyramidal

A

voluntary // origin = precentral gyrus = motor strip

63
Q

Extrapyramidal

A

involuntary // origin = subcortical nuclei

64
Q

Pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways use two neurons between their origin and their destination (skeletal muscles)

A

upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron

65
Q

upper motor neuron. Where does it originate? Where does it terminate?

A

originate in cerebral cortex or brainstem // terminates on
a lower motor neuron (cranial nerve or soma in anterior horn)

66
Q

lower motor neuron Where does it originate?

A

originate in brainstem or spinal cord // the upper motor
neuron synapse on LMN that leads the rest of the way to the muscle or other target organ

67
Q

Descending “Pyramidal” Tract

A

Tracts from precentral gyrus carry action potentials downward through the brainstem and spinal cord. Pathways from precentral gyrus are voluntary pathways used to control skeletal muscles /// consist of upper and lower motor neurons

68
Q

Two upper motor neuron tracts // synapse on lower motor neurons

A

– Corticospinal = upper motor neuron /// synapse with anterior horn neurons = lower motor neuron // innervate muscles below neck

– Corticobulbar = upper motor neuron / synapse with cranial nerves = lower motor neuron /// innervate skeletal muscles in head and neck

69
Q

Corticospinal

A

upper motor neuron /// synapse with anterior horn neurons = lower motor neuron // innervate muscles below neck

70
Q

Corticobulbar

A

upper motor neuron / synapse with cranial nerves = lower motor neuron /// innervate skeletal muscles in head and neck

71
Q

About lower motor neurons for corticospinal tract

A

LMN somas in the anterior horn // LMN called common pathway

72
Q

About lower motor neurons for corticobulbar tract

A

LMN somas are cranial nerves’ nuclei in brainstem // LMN called common pathway

73
Q

Corticospinal Tracts // Descending or Motor

A

from cerebral cortex for precise, finely
coordinated movement of our skeletal
muscles in arms and legs

74
Q

pyramids

A

ridges on anterior surface
of the medulla oblongata formed from
fibers of this system

75
Q

UMN // These nuclei
originate in medulla
oblongata

A
  1. tectospinal tract
  2. vestibulospinal tract
  3. rubriospinal tract
  4. reticularspinal tract
76
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

begins in midbrain region (tectum)
– crosses to contralateral side of midbrain
– reflex turning of head in response to sights and sounds

77
Q

Reticulospinal tract

A

– originate in the reticular formation of brainstem
– controls muscles of upper and lower limbs // especially
those for posture and balance // send signals to “gama
fibers” of the muscle spindle to adjust “sensitivity” of the
muscle spindle in the “stretch reflex” - how the CNS can
influence the “stretch reflex”
– contain descending analgesic pathways // reduce the
transmission of pain signals to brain

78
Q

Rubiospinal tract

A

It is one of the pathways for the mediation of
voluntary movement. The tract is responsible for large muscle movement as well as fine motor control, and it terminates primarily in the cervical spinal cord, suggesting that it functions in upper limb but not in lower limb control. It primarily facilitates flexion in the upper extremities

79
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

begins in brainstem vestibular nuclei receives impulses form vestibular organs of balance from inner ear controls extensor muscles of limbs for balance control. Responsible for the trip response // activates extensor muscles in the arms and legs.

80
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower limbs

81
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs

82
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body only

83
Q

respiratory paralysis

A

loss of sensation or motor control respiratory paralysis

84
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord

85
Q

What reduces the risk of spina bifida?

A

folic acid (a B vitamin) as part of a healthy diet for all women of childbearing age reduces risk

– defect occurs during the first four weeks of development, so folic acid
supplementation must begin 3 months before conception

A&P : Unit 2 (7 decks)

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