Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P : Unit 2 > Chapter 12.3 : The Synapse and The Neurotransmitter > Flashcards

Chapter 12.3 : The Synapse and The Neurotransmitter Flashcards

1
Q

chemical synapse

A

neurons communicate by releasing chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

acetylcholine

A

the first discovered neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

takes 0.50 milliseconds for a neurotransmitter to cross the _________

A

chemical synapse distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A nerve’s action potential can go no further than to the

A

synaptic knob / distal end of the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A chemical synapse consist of three components

A

– Pre-synaptic membrane
– Synaptic cleft
– Post-synaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When a synapse is between two neurons, the 1st neuron in the signal pathway is called
the _______ ______ / it releases
neurotransmitter. 2nd neuron is the _____ _____ / it has receptors for the neurotransmitter

A

presynaptic neuron ; postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Presynaptic neurons have synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter and postsynaptic have Presynaptic neurons have synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter and postsynaptic have
receptors with ligand-regulated ion channels_____ with ligand-regulated ion channels

A

receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

spinal cord motor neuron soma have about _______ from other neurons

A

10,000 unique synaptic knobs

  • 8,000 ending on its dendrites
  • 2,000 ending on its soma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cerebellum’s soma may have as many as _______ synapses

A

100,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

synaptic knob stores _______ ______ containing neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

synaptic vesicles are docked on ___________ of the __________ / ready to release neurotransmitter on demand

A

release sites ; plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

postsynaptic neuron receptors function as _____________________

A

ligand-regulated ion gates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The presynaptic neuron may synapse with

A
  • Dendrite
  • Soma
  • Axon of postsynaptic neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The presynaptic neuron form different types of synapses

A
  • Axodendritic synapses
  • Axosomatic synapses
  • Axoaxonic synapses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gap junctions can be thought of as a type of synapse which

A

allows action potentials to move rapidly between adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gap junctions join ___________ /// ions diffuse through
the gap junctions from one cell to the next

A

adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Advantage

A

quick transmission // no delay for release and binding of neurotransmitter // cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic cells, and some neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Disadvantage

A

they cannot integrate information and make decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Two Types of Neurotransmitter Receptors

A

Ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

– Ligand binds to integral protein channels which allows either cation or anion to cross plasma membrane
– Ligand receptor and ion channel are part of same protein
– If cations enter cell then it depolarizes / if anions enter cell then it hyperpolarizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

– ligand receptor and ion channel have different types of integral proteins
– metabotropic receptors are “ligand receptors” on external face of membrane that releases “G protein” on their internal face of membrane
– G protein travels to a second integral protein and this intergral protein then functions as the ion channel
– this is Second messenger sytem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Synaptic delay. How long it take for the complex sequence of
events to occur

A

time from the arrival of a signal at the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell to the beginning of an action potential in the
postsynaptic cell
– 0.5 msec for all the complex sequence of
events to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are neurotransmitters synthesized by?

A

in soma and transported down axon of presynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do neurotransmitters alter the the post-synaptic membrane?

A

Neurotransmitter moves resting membrane potential towards threshold or away from threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

often, it is the _______ and not the ________ that will
dictate the outcome

A

receptor ; neurotransmitter

26
Q

One type of neurotransmitters may may have different effect on different __________ throughout the body

A

target tissue

27
Q

There are multiple receptors that exist for each ______________

A

neurotransmitter

28
Q

It is the ______ that determines the effect of the neurotransmitter on the target cell

A

receptor

29
Q

Ionotropic receptors are always

A

stimulatory

30
Q

Metabotropic acetylcholine receptors can be

A

either stimulatory or inhibitory // depends on downstream effect of the second integral protein which is activated by the G protein

31
Q

the same molecule in different ________ may
function as a _______, a _________, or a ___________

A

mechanisms ; hormone ; neurotransmitter ; neuromodulator

32
Q

more than ___ neurotransmitters have been identified

A

100

33
Q

major neurotransmitter categories according to chemical composition : Monoamines’ subcategory Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine

34
Q

major neurotransmitter categories according to chemical composition : Monoamines’ subcategory Indoamines

A

histamine and serotonin

35
Q

major neurotransmitter categories according to chemical composition : Ace_______

A

tylcholine

36
Q

major neurotransmitter categories according to chemical composition : Amino acids

A

GABA, Glycine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid.

37
Q

major neurotransmitter categories according to chemical composition : Neuropeptides

A

Enkephalin, Substance P, Cholecystokinin, and ß-endorphin

38
Q

Monoamines (AKA __________)

A

Biogenic Amines

synthesized from amino acids by removal of the –COOH group // retaining the –NH2 (amino) group

39
Q

___ and ______ bind to monamine receptors

A

LSD ; mescaline

40
Q

Neuropeptides types

A

substance P, endorphins, enkephalins
(i.e. endogenous opioids) /// this class also include gutbrain peptides (produced my non-neural tissue but have
receptors in the brain)

41
Q

Pruines

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) / now recognized
as major neurotransmitter in CNS and PNS

42
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) / now recognized
as major neurotransmitter in ________

A

CNS and PNS

43
Q

Gases & Lipids

A

nitric oxide (NO) & carbon monoxide // activate guanylyl cyclase / function in brain / hydrogen sulfide // (note: NO causes smooth muscle to dialate)

44
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

(or simply cannabinoids) // brain neurotransmitter / tetrahydrocannabiol (THC) interacts
with the endocannabinoid receptors

45
Q

Neuropeptides

A
  • chains of 2 to 40 amino acids
  • act at lower concentrations than
    other neurotransmitters
  • longer lasting effects
  • stored in axon terminal as larger
    secretory granules (called
    dense-core vesicles)
46
Q

Some neuropeptides also released from digestive tract /// Note: _______ cause food cravings

A

gut-brain peptides

47
Q

Neurotransmitters are diverse in their _____

A

action

48
Q

Ionotropic receptors are simply

A

ion channels

49
Q

Metabotropic receptors are __________________ // provide varible __________ outcomes

A

second messenger systems ; downstream

50
Q

each synapse will use a different type of _________ and ____________________

A

neurotransmitter ; post synaptic receptor

51
Q

three different types of synapses

A

– excitatory cholinergic synapse (ionotropic)
– inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse (ionotropic)
– excitatory adrenergic synapse (metabotropic)

52
Q

excitatory cholinergic synapse is

A

(ionotropic)

53
Q

inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse is

A

(ionotropic)

54
Q

excitatory adrenergic synapse is

A

(metabotropic)

55
Q

metabotropic

A

second messenger system receptor) /// this
maybe either inhibitory or excitatory

56
Q

cholinergic synapse

A

employs acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter

– ACh excites some (most!) postsynaptic cells (e.g. skeletal muscle
– may inhibits others (e.g. cardiocytes at AV n44ode)

57
Q

Describing the excitatory action

A

– nerve signal approaching the synapse //
opens the voltage-regulated calcium gates at
junction between axon and synaptic knob
– Ca2+ enters the knob // triggers exocytosis of
synaptic vesicles releasing Ach
– empty vesicles drop back into the cytoplasm
to be refilled with Ach
– reserve pool of synaptic vesicles move to the
active sites and release their Ach
– ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft
– nerve signal approaching the synapse //
opens the voltage-regulated calcium gates at
junction between axon and synaptic knob
– Ca2+ enters the knob // triggers exocytosis of
synaptic vesicles releasing Ach
– empty vesicles drop back into the cytoplasm
to be refilled with Ach
– reserve pool of synaptic vesicles move to the
active sites and release their Ach
– ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft

58
Q

Inhibitory GABA-ergic Synapse

A
  • GABA-ergic synapse employs -
    aminobutyric acid as its neurotransmitter
  • nerve signal triggers release of GABA into
    synaptic cleft
  • GABA receptors are chloride channels ///
    ionotropic receptor type
  • Cl- enters cell and makes the inside more
    negative than the resting membrane
    potential /// move away from threshold!
  • postsynaptic neuron is inhibited
  • less likely to fire
59
Q

GABA receptors are ________ ________ ///
ionotropic receptor type

A

chloride channels

60
Q

Adrenergic synapse employs the neurotransmitter
_____________ also called noradrenaline

A

norepinephrine (NE)

61
Q

The receptor on post synaptic membrane for the adrenergic
synapses is type __________

A

metabotropic

– not an ion gate but second messenger system
– a transmembrane protein associated with a G protein (i.e.
metabotropic receptor)

62
Q

NE , monoamines, and neuropeptides acts through NE , monoamines and neuropeptides acts through ________________

A

second messenger systems

A&P : Unit 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions