Chapter 12.4 : Neural Coding & Memory Flashcards
Neural networks are. These nerve structures are responsible for _____ ______.
different patterns of connections between neurons
brain functions
Neural integration is. These groups of neurons are able to _____ and _____ information. We can do 3 things with this information, what are they?
the ability of neural networks to process information
encode ; store
recall this information
use this information to make decisions
return the information to where it is being stored.
Neural network has the ability to process information through
Neural integratio
_________ are the decision making devises of these neural networks
chemical synapses
Synaptic pruning
we can change the number of synapses over time
the more synapses a neuron has
the greater its information-processing capabilities.
As we learn, the number of synapses and dendrites increase, not ____________
the number of neurons
pyramidal cells
in cerebral cortex have about 40,000 synaptic contacts with other neurons
cerebral cortex (main _________ tissue of your brain) has an estimated _______________ synapses
information-processing ; 100 trillion (10 to the 14th power)
The physical basis of memory is a pathway through the brain called a
memory trace or engram
along a memory trace or engram pathway, new synapses are ________ or existing synapses are ______ to make transmission easier (not new neurons!)
created ; modified
synaptic plasticity
the ability to change physical characteristics of a synapse
synaptic potentiation
the process of increasing synaptic transmission
What are the different types of memory?
immediate, short-term and long-term memory
The different types of memory correlate with ____ of synaptic potentiation
modes
declarative VS procedural
knowing what VS knowing how
immediate memory
less than a second /// the ability to have a
perception of something
Sensory Memory
feel for the flow of events (sense of the present)
perception
We remember what we deem as important (Turning 360° experiment)
Short-Term or Working Memory
lasts from a few seconds (may be
extended with rehearsal)
– quickly forgotten if distracted
– e.g. calling a phone number we just looked up
– e.g. ability to read sentence while able to remember the beging and
ending of the sentence
– reverberating circuits /// our memory of what just happened
“echoes” in our minds for a few seconds // i.e. reverberating
circuits
reverberating circuits
our memory of what just happened
“echoes” in our minds for a few seconds
Frontal lobe uses two scratch pad or post-it for short term memory /// ____ __ _____ to facilitate short term memory
visual and audio
Facilitation (also called ______) will cause memory to last longer
rehearsal
tetanic stimulation
rapid arrival of repetitive signals at a
synapse // causes Ca2+ accumulation and postsynaptic cell more likely to fire
Long-term potentiation
this occurs before we create long term memories
and is associated with pathway from hipocamus to medial temporal lobe
changes in receptors and other features that increases transmission across the “experienced synapse” /// results in ___________ ____________
synaptic consolidation
Long term memory - this requires physical remodeling of _______ // new branching of _______ __ _____ // also known as ________ __________
synapses ; axons or dendrites ; system consolidation
Long term memory requires new ____ ____ ____ ____ // memories are moved from ______ _______ ____ to disparate parts of the _______ – these are forever memories
protein synthesis at synapse ; medial temporal lobe ;
Long-term memory can be ___________ or __________ knowledge
Declarative ; Procedural
molecular changes within the synapse are called _______ _____________
long-term potentiation
Fundamentally, memory acquisition occurs at the _______
synapse
Learning occurs with? When does this process occur? With repeated signally over the same synapse we see what? What makes the memory pathway stronger? What makes the memory pathway stronger?
Learning occurs with Synaptic Consolidation /// a process that occurs when signals are passed over a synapse /// with repeated signally over the same synapse we see an increase in the amount of neurotransmitter released and an increase in the sensitivity of the receptors on the post synaptic membrane. // rehearsal therefore makes the memory pathway stronger
Synaptic consolidation occurs where?
this occurs in the medial temporal lobe (hypocampus
dependent)
When does System consolidation occur? What happens in this process? How long does it take?
this occurs when memory is moved from the medial
temporal lobe and redistributed throughout the neocortex – this is our lifetime memories – this process may take decades // memory then becomes hypocampus independent
when we recall a memory we “reconstruct the memory” in our
working memory (in the frontal lobe) // working memory is “short term” memory which only last for minutes – therefore we use “auditory and visual scratch pads” to hold thoughts (e.g. think about having a back and forth conversation)
This all describes:
Memory retrieval
Reconsolidation
after we are done with our memories, we “disassemble” the
memory and return the fragments to where they are stored in the neocortex
declarative memory
“knowing what”
procedural memory
“knowing how”
Where is the declarative memory processed? Where is it stored?
Declarative memory is processed through the hypocampus and the newly formed declarative memory is stored in the medial temporal lobe
Declarative memory is processed through the hypocampus and the newly formed declarative memory is stored in the medial temporal lobe a __________ _________. // This memory will later be distributed into the general neocortex
as ___________ __________ (i.e. this may take decades to complete)
“synaptic consolidation” ; “systemic consolidation”
What is the function of the medial orbital frontal lobe?
The medial orbital frontal lobe is an area in the frontal lobe directly above the eyes orbits.This tissue makes our decision.
The medial orbital frontal lobe does two things:
First, the MOFL will make decisions about an action based on a reward-punishment analysis. Then the MOFL sends this action plan to the frontal lobe where the action is executed /// Secondly, the medial orbital frontal lobe will remember the decision made and after the execution of the action the MOFL will review the outcome to see if the decision met the analysis criteria – this is how we learn from our experiences!
What is the relationship between
the frontal lobe and the limbic system?
These two areas are richly interconnected with nerve tracts.
Therefore, the limbic system can influence frontal lobe function. More importantly, if under stress the frontal lobe stops working (i.e. panic state) . Now the limbic system takes over (i.e. anxiety leads to fear leads to aggression /// the fright, flight or fight reaction)
Language in early primates started as
“hand gestrues”.
Brocca’s Area is
the expressive language center and respiration.
