Chapter 12.4 : Neural Coding & Memory

Question 1

Neural networks are. These nerve structures are responsible for _____ ______.

Answer 1

different patterns of connections between neurons

brain functions

Question 2

Neural integration is. These groups of neurons are able to _____ and _____ information. We can do 3 things with this information, what are they?

Answer 2

the ability of neural networks to process information

encode ; store

recall this information
use this information to make decisions
return the information to where it is being stored.

Question 3

Neural network has the ability to process information through

Answer 3

Neural integratio

Question 4

_________ are the decision making devises of these neural networks

Answer 4

chemical synapses

Question 5

Synaptic pruning

Answer 5

we can change the number of synapses over time

Question 6

the more synapses a neuron has

Answer 6

the greater its information-processing capabilities.

Question 7

As we learn, the number of synapses and dendrites increase, not ____________

Answer 7

the number of neurons

Question 8

pyramidal cells

Answer 8

in cerebral cortex have about 40,000 synaptic contacts with other neurons

Question 9

cerebral cortex (main _________ tissue of your brain) has an estimated _______________ synapses

Answer 9

information-processing ; 100 trillion (10 to the 14th power)

Question 10

The physical basis of memory is a pathway through the brain called a

Answer 10

memory trace or engram

Question 11

along a memory trace or engram pathway, new synapses are ________ or existing synapses are ______ to make transmission easier (not new neurons!)

Answer 11

created ; modified

Question 12

synaptic plasticity

Answer 12

the ability to change physical characteristics of a synapse

Question 13

synaptic potentiation

Answer 13

the process of increasing synaptic transmission

Question 14

What are the different types of memory?

Answer 14

immediate, short-term and long-term memory

Question 15

The different types of memory correlate with ____ of synaptic potentiation

Answer 15

modes

Question 16

declarative VS procedural

Answer 16

knowing what VS knowing how

Question 17

immediate memory

Answer 17

less than a second /// the ability to have a
perception of something

Question 18

Sensory Memory

Answer 18

feel for the flow of events (sense of the present)

Question 19

perception

Answer 19

We remember what we deem as important (Turning 360° experiment)

Question 20

Short-Term or Working Memory

Answer 20

lasts from a few seconds (may be
extended with rehearsal)

– quickly forgotten if distracted
– e.g. calling a phone number we just looked up
– e.g. ability to read sentence while able to remember the beging and
ending of the sentence
– reverberating circuits /// our memory of what just happened
“echoes” in our minds for a few seconds // i.e. reverberating
circuits

Question 21

reverberating circuits

Answer 21

our memory of what just happened
“echoes” in our minds for a few seconds

Question 22

Frontal lobe uses two scratch pad or post-it for short term memory /// ____ __ _____ to facilitate short term memory

Answer 22

visual and audio

Question 23

Facilitation (also called ______) will cause memory to last longer

Answer 23

rehearsal

Question 24

tetanic stimulation

Answer 24

rapid arrival of repetitive signals at a
synapse // causes Ca2+ accumulation and postsynaptic cell more likely to fire

Question 25

Long-term potentiation

Answer 25

this occurs before we create long term memories
and is associated with pathway from hipocamus to medial temporal lobe

Question 26

changes in receptors and other features that increases transmission across the “experienced synapse” /// results in ___________ ____________

Answer 26

synaptic consolidation

Question 27

Long term memory - this requires physical remodeling of _______ // new branching of _______ __ _____ // also known as ________ __________

Answer 27

synapses ; axons or dendrites ; system consolidation

Question 28

Long term memory requires new ____ ____ ____ ____ // memories are moved from ______ _______ ____ to disparate parts of the _______ – these are forever memories

Answer 28

protein synthesis at synapse ; medial temporal lobe ;

Question 29

Long-term memory can be ___________ or __________ knowledge

Answer 29

Declarative ; Procedural

Question 30

molecular changes within the synapse are called _______ _____________

Answer 30

long-term potentiation

Question 31

Fundamentally, memory acquisition occurs at the _______

Answer 31

synapse

Question 32

Learning occurs with? When does this process occur? With repeated signally over the same synapse we see what? What makes the memory pathway stronger? What makes the memory pathway stronger?

Answer 32

Learning occurs with Synaptic Consolidation /// a process that occurs when signals are passed over a synapse /// with repeated signally over the same synapse we see an increase in the amount of neurotransmitter released and an increase in the sensitivity of the receptors on the post synaptic membrane. // rehearsal therefore makes the memory pathway stronger

Question 33

Synaptic consolidation occurs where?

Answer 33

this occurs in the medial temporal lobe (hypocampus
dependent)

Question 34

When does System consolidation occur? What happens in this process? How long does it take?

Answer 34

this occurs when memory is moved from the medial
temporal lobe and redistributed throughout the neocortex – this is our lifetime memories – this process may take decades // memory then becomes hypocampus independent

Question 35

when we recall a memory we “reconstruct the memory” in our
working memory (in the frontal lobe) // working memory is “short term” memory which only last for minutes – therefore we use “auditory and visual scratch pads” to hold thoughts (e.g. think about having a back and forth conversation)

This all describes:

Answer 35

Memory retrieval

Question 36

Reconsolidation

Answer 36

after we are done with our memories, we “disassemble” the
memory and return the fragments to where they are stored in the neocortex

Question 37

declarative memory

Answer 37

“knowing what”

Question 38

procedural memory

Answer 38

“knowing how”

Question 39

Where is the declarative memory processed? Where is it stored?

Answer 39

Declarative memory is processed through the hypocampus and the newly formed declarative memory is stored in the medial temporal lobe

Question 40

Declarative memory is processed through the hypocampus and the newly formed declarative memory is stored in the medial temporal lobe a __________ _________. // This memory will later be distributed into the general neocortex
as ___________ __________ (i.e. this may take decades to complete)

Answer 40

“synaptic consolidation” ; “systemic consolidation”

Question 41

What is the function of the medial orbital frontal lobe?

Answer 41

The medial orbital frontal lobe is an area in the frontal lobe directly above the eyes orbits.This tissue makes our decision.

Question 42

The medial orbital frontal lobe does two things:

Answer 42

First, the MOFL will make decisions about an action based on a reward-punishment analysis. Then the MOFL sends this action plan to the frontal lobe where the action is executed /// Secondly, the medial orbital frontal lobe will remember the decision made and after the execution of the action the MOFL will review the outcome to see if the decision met the analysis criteria – this is how we learn from our experiences!

Question 43

What is the relationship between
the frontal lobe and the limbic system?

Answer 43

These two areas are richly interconnected with nerve tracts.
Therefore, the limbic system can influence frontal lobe function. More importantly, if under stress the frontal lobe stops working (i.e. panic state) . Now the limbic system takes over (i.e. anxiety leads to fear leads to aggression /// the fright, flight or fight reaction)

Question 44

Language in early primates started as

Answer 44

“hand gestrues”.

Question 45

Brocca’s Area is

Answer 45

the expressive language center and respiration.