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Nutrition test 4 > Chapter 13; water soluble vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 13; water soluble vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

vitamin definition

A

an organic (CARBON) compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts

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2
Q

vitamins ___ be synthesized at all or ___ be sythesized in sufficient quantities

A

can’t can’t

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3
Q

water-soluble vitamins (2)

A

B & C complex

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4
Q

water soluble vit storage in the body tissues is ____

A

minimal

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5
Q

risk of toxicity ___ than fat-soluble

A

less

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6
Q

easily destroyed how

A

during cooking; exposure to heat & water

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7
Q

when cooking: better retention with what

-bad method

A
  • better: steaming, stir-frying, microwaving

- bad: boiling

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8
Q

all vit. b form what

A

coenzymes; help & speed up reaction

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9
Q

when is vit. b utilized

A

energy metabolism

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10
Q

vit. b freed from food by

A

digestion

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11
Q

% vit. b absorbed in SI

A

50-90%

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12
Q

once in cell, coenzyme form of vit. is _____

A

resynthesized

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13
Q

marginal deficiency more ____

-why?

A

common

-cuz your not storing them (easily excreted)

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14
Q

grains are an important source of what 3 things

A

1) vit. b
2) minerals
3) fiber
* when not milled*

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15
Q

enriched grains vs. whole grain

A

when enriched you never get it all back

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16
Q

whole grains (5)

A
  • whole-wheat flour
  • bulgur (cracked wheat)
  • oatmeal
  • whole cornmeal
  • brown rice
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17
Q

refined grains (4)

A
  • white flour
  • de-germed cornmeal
  • white bread
  • white rice
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18
Q

thiamin

-history, chemistry

A
  • in B complex

- very unstable in heat (cooking) and alkali (basic) solution

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19
Q

thiamin sources in food

A

-enrichment

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20
Q

transported (thiamin)

storage

A

by RBC’s in coenzyme form: TPP

-little is stored (25-30 mg)

21
Q
  • reserve

- excess (thiamin)

A
  • reserve in muscle, brain, liver & kidneys
  • excess rapidly filtered by kidneys & excreted in urine
  • readily excreted
22
Q

Thiamin as co-enzyme (TPP)

-required for

A

carbohydrate and branched chain amino acid reactions

23
Q

TPP involved in 2 _____ reactions called what

A

energy production; decarboxylation (removing CO2)

24
Q

TPP needed in ___

A

PPP; pentase phosphate pathway

25
thiamin deficiency (2)
1) beriberi (i can't i can't) | 2) wernickle-korsakoff
26
beri beri
- in diets w/ lots of rice - inflamed nerves in legs (weak, fatigue) - mental depression - anorexia - constipation - neuro/muscular pain - congestive heart failure
27
wernickle-korsakoff
- cerebral beriberi - found in alcoholism - disorientation, loss of short term memory, jerky eye mvmnts, staggering gate
28
riboflavin | -chemistry & properties
second vit. B discovered - stable to heat - unstable in sunlight; paper and plastic packaging are used for riboflavin rich foods to prevent breakdown
29
riboflavin foods
- milk (yogurt, cheese) from opaque containers - 1/4 of dietary rico from dairy - enriched/whole grains - eggs, meat, liver
30
storage of riboflavin - excess - UL
little stored in liver, heart, kidney - excess filtered by kidneys & excreted in urine - readily excreted no UL
31
riboflavin in supplement form
turns urine bright yellow, glows in black light
32
riboflavin as co-enzyme (2) | -key roles in what
- FMN and FAD | - energy metabolism
33
riboflavin FMN and FAD function as
redox agents (gaining and losing H ions) - FMN: shuttles H to ETC - FAD: aids FA breakdown to acetyl CoA
34
riboflavin deficiencies (ariboflavinosis)
- affects mouth, skin, & RBCs - stomatitis: inflamed throat and mouth - angular cheilitis: dry cracks on side of mouth - glossitis: inflamed tongue (magenta = purple) - anemia, fatigue, confusion & headaches
35
niacin (also called) | -chemistry & properties
- B3 - humans can produce; tryptophan AA to niacin (needs FAD) and B6 coenzymes - smalllllll amount (1mg)
36
sources of niacin
-milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole/enriched grain
37
2 forms of niacin found in diet
1) nicotinic acid (niacin) - body easily converts NA to nicotinamide - both forms synthesize niacin coenzymes NAD and NADP 2) nicotinamide - very stable and hard to breakdown
38
NAD & NADP absorption where & by how | -how much dietary intake absorbed
- from stomach & SI by active transport and passive diffusion - almost ALL
39
in corn, bioavailability of niacin low d/t protein bound. how do you fix that
-corn soaked in lime water / wood ash to release skin from corn; increase absorption of niacin
40
niacin: transported, stored, converted, excreted
- transport: via portal vein to liver - stored: in lover or delivered to cells - converted to coenzyme forms in all tissues - excess is excreted in urine
41
functions of niacin
- co-enzyme NAD & NADPH needed for 200 metabolic pathways - redox agent - required for catabolism or carbs, fats, proteins - synthesis of fat
42
niacin deficiency | -associated with corn based diets
- pellagra "rough skin" - dark, leathery - casal's necklace - 4 D signs: dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea & death
43
pantothenic acid
- greek for "present everywhere" | - integral in all functions of CoA
44
biotin
- critical in TCA cycle - organ meats, soy beans, fish, liver, whole grains - make hair grow - LI (colon) GUT FLORA synthesize biotin
45
biotin deficiency
-skin rash, hair loss, convulsions, low muscle tone, DEPRESSION, tingling/numbness of hands & feet
46
pyridoxine (B6)
- used for (AA) metabolism - UV light unstable (sunlight inactivates it) - meat, fish, poultry, cereals, potatoes - immunity, gene expression, decrease risk of colon cancer
47
pyridoxine deficiency (rare)
- most likely: contraceptive users, elderly, blacks, smokers, underweight - convulsions, depression - under MD use: carpel tunnel
48
folate
- 3 parts - green/leafy AVOCADOS - folic acid synthetic form

Nutrition test 4 (4 decks)

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