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Nutrition test 4 > Chapter 13; water soluble vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 13; water soluble vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

vitamin definition

A

an organic (CARBON) compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts

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2
Q

vitamins ___ be synthesized at all or ___ be sythesized in sufficient quantities

A

can’t can’t

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3
Q

water-soluble vitamins (2)

A

B & C complex

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4
Q

water soluble vit storage in the body tissues is ____

A

minimal

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5
Q

risk of toxicity ___ than fat-soluble

A

less

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6
Q

easily destroyed how

A

during cooking; exposure to heat & water

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7
Q

when cooking: better retention with what

-bad method

A
  • better: steaming, stir-frying, microwaving

- bad: boiling

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8
Q

all vit. b form what

A

coenzymes; help & speed up reaction

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9
Q

when is vit. b utilized

A

energy metabolism

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10
Q

vit. b freed from food by

A

digestion

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11
Q

% vit. b absorbed in SI

A

50-90%

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12
Q

once in cell, coenzyme form of vit. is _____

A

resynthesized

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13
Q

marginal deficiency more ____

-why?

A

common

-cuz your not storing them (easily excreted)

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14
Q

grains are an important source of what 3 things

A

1) vit. b
2) minerals
3) fiber
* when not milled*

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15
Q

enriched grains vs. whole grain

A

when enriched you never get it all back

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16
Q

whole grains (5)

A
  • whole-wheat flour
  • bulgur (cracked wheat)
  • oatmeal
  • whole cornmeal
  • brown rice
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17
Q

refined grains (4)

A
  • white flour
  • de-germed cornmeal
  • white bread
  • white rice
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18
Q

thiamin

-history, chemistry

A
  • in B complex

- very unstable in heat (cooking) and alkali (basic) solution

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19
Q

thiamin sources in food

A

-enrichment

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20
Q

transported (thiamin)

storage

A

by RBC’s in coenzyme form: TPP

-little is stored (25-30 mg)

21
Q
  • reserve

- excess (thiamin)

A
  • reserve in muscle, brain, liver & kidneys
  • excess rapidly filtered by kidneys & excreted in urine
  • readily excreted
22
Q

Thiamin as co-enzyme (TPP)

-required for

A

carbohydrate and branched chain amino acid reactions

23
Q

TPP involved in 2 _____ reactions called what

A

energy production; decarboxylation (removing CO2)

24
Q

TPP needed in ___

A

PPP; pentase phosphate pathway

25
Q

thiamin deficiency (2)

A

1) beriberi (i can’t i can’t)

2) wernickle-korsakoff

26
Q

beri beri

A
  • in diets w/ lots of rice
  • inflamed nerves in legs (weak, fatigue)
  • mental depression
  • anorexia
  • constipation
  • neuro/muscular pain
  • congestive heart failure
27
Q

wernickle-korsakoff

A
  • cerebral beriberi
  • found in alcoholism
  • disorientation, loss of short term memory, jerky eye mvmnts, staggering gate
28
Q

riboflavin

-chemistry & properties

A

second vit. B discovered

  • stable to heat
  • unstable in sunlight; paper and plastic packaging are used for riboflavin rich foods to prevent breakdown
29
Q

riboflavin foods

A
  • milk (yogurt, cheese) from opaque containers
  • 1/4 of dietary rico from dairy
  • enriched/whole grains
  • eggs, meat, liver
30
Q

storage of riboflavin

  • excess
  • UL
A

little stored in liver, heart, kidney

  • excess filtered by kidneys & excreted in urine
  • readily excreted no UL
31
Q

riboflavin in supplement form

A

turns urine bright yellow, glows in black light

32
Q

riboflavin as co-enzyme (2)

-key roles in what

A
  • FMN and FAD

- energy metabolism

33
Q

riboflavin FMN and FAD function as

A

redox agents (gaining and losing H ions)

  • FMN: shuttles H to ETC
  • FAD: aids FA breakdown to acetyl CoA
34
Q

riboflavin deficiencies (ariboflavinosis)

A
  • affects mouth, skin, & RBCs
  • stomatitis: inflamed throat and mouth
  • angular cheilitis: dry cracks on side of mouth
  • glossitis: inflamed tongue (magenta = purple)
  • anemia, fatigue, confusion & headaches
35
Q

niacin (also called)

-chemistry & properties

A
  • B3
  • humans can produce; tryptophan AA to niacin (needs FAD) and B6 coenzymes
  • smalllllll amount (1mg)
36
Q

sources of niacin

A

-milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole/enriched grain

37
Q

2 forms of niacin found in diet

A

1) nicotinic acid (niacin)
- body easily converts NA to nicotinamide
- both forms synthesize niacin coenzymes NAD and NADP
2) nicotinamide
- very stable and hard to breakdown

38
Q

NAD & NADP absorption where & by how

-how much dietary intake absorbed

A
  • from stomach & SI by active transport and passive diffusion
  • almost ALL
39
Q

in corn, bioavailability of niacin low d/t protein bound. how do you fix that

A

-corn soaked in lime water / wood ash to release skin from corn; increase absorption of niacin

40
Q

niacin: transported, stored, converted, excreted

A
  • transport: via portal vein to liver
  • stored: in lover or delivered to cells
  • converted to coenzyme forms in all tissues
  • excess is excreted in urine
41
Q

functions of niacin

A
  • co-enzyme NAD & NADPH needed for 200 metabolic pathways
  • redox agent
  • required for catabolism or carbs, fats, proteins
  • synthesis of fat
42
Q

niacin deficiency

-associated with corn based diets

A
  • pellagra “rough skin”
  • dark, leathery
  • casal’s necklace
  • 4 D signs: dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea & death
43
Q

pantothenic acid

A
  • greek for “present everywhere”

- integral in all functions of CoA

44
Q

biotin

A
  • critical in TCA cycle
  • organ meats, soy beans, fish, liver, whole grains
  • make hair grow
  • LI (colon) GUT FLORA synthesize biotin
45
Q

biotin deficiency

A

-skin rash, hair loss, convulsions, low muscle tone, DEPRESSION, tingling/numbness of hands & feet

46
Q

pyridoxine (B6)

A
  • used for (AA) metabolism
  • UV light unstable (sunlight inactivates it)
  • meat, fish, poultry, cereals, potatoes
  • immunity, gene expression, decrease risk of colon cancer
47
Q

pyridoxine deficiency (rare)

A
  • most likely: contraceptive users, elderly, blacks, smokers, underweight
  • convulsions, depression
  • under MD use: carpel tunnel
48
Q

folate

A
  • 3 parts
  • green/leafy AVOCADOS
  • folic acid synthetic form

Nutrition test 4 (4 decks)

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