Chapter 12a Flashcards by Brianna Davis

Vitamin needs (oz per lbs of food)

1 oz per 150 lbs of food

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Must get some vitamins from _____. Can’t ____ all vitamins.

food, synthesize

ex/ vit c

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Diseases from vitamin deficiencies (3)

night blindness (vit. A)
rickets (vit d)
scurvy (vit c)

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Vitamin (definition)?

organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts

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How are vitamins synthesized?

-MUST be obtained through the diet

cannot be synthesized at all or in sufficient quantities by an organism

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How many vitamins are recognized?

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_____ organic substances (vitamins)

essential (has to be obtained in the diet)

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Which are water soluble?

vit. B complex & C

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Which are fat soluble?

vit. D, E, K, A

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Vitamins (6 random facts)

essential organic substances
produce deficiency symptoms when missing from diet
yield NO energy
basic functions
facilitate energy-yeilding chemical reactions
function as co-enzymes

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Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with?

dietary fat

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Adequate absorption depends on?

1) dietary fat
2) pancreatic lipase
3) bile in small intestine

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Difference between fat and water soluble vitamins?

fat can store & build up toxins much more than water-soluble which is usually flushed out of the body

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What must be consumed if absorption conditions are less than ideal?

supplements (in large amounts)

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3 types of malabsorption diseases? Causes?

1) GI tract diseases 2) Pancreatic diseases 3) alcohol abuse

- poor absorption of fat soluble vitamins

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Fat soluble vitamins packaged in**

chylomicron (beginning of fat digestion)

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Vitamins travel through the _____ system

lymphatic

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Vitamins are delivered to target cells by what system

circulatory system

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As chylomicron travels, the TAG breaks down - eventually leaving what to reenter the liver

remnant

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Remnant?

contains fat-soluble vitamins not taken up by cells

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When fat-soluble vitamins are consumed in excess what happens?

theyre stored in fatty tissues and liver

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Fat is transported in the blood as?

lipoproteins

Lipoproteins contain? (2)

1) lipid core

2) shell composed of proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol

Storage of fat-soluble vitamins

not readily excreted (except vitamin K)

Storage of water-soluble vitamins (3 things)

- generally lost from body (sept vit. K) - B6 absorbed to a greater extent (passive diffusion in jejunum and ileum) - excreted via urine

Vitamins should be consumed ____; Occasional lapse?

daily; is harmless

Toxicity in fat-soluble vitamins

can accumulate in body

Toxicity in water-soluble vitamins

some can cause toxicity

Toxicity from vitamins most likely due to?

supplementation

5 DRI's? | *on final*

1) Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) (50%) 2) Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) (97-98%) 3) Adequate Intakes (AIs) (min. amnt) 4) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) (max amnt) 5) Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)

Vitamin A: Retinoids

- active form: preformed vit. A - retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid - dietary sources: liver, fish oils, fortified dairy products and eggs - animal origin

Retinyl ester = ___ & ____

vit. A + FA

Caroteinoids

- provitamins (can be converted to vit. A) | - plant dietary sources: dark green & yellow orange veggies & fruits

_____ ________ -----> ________

retinol (& retinyl ester) retinal ----> retinoic acid

RDA (for retinoids) for men and women

men: 900 micrograms RAE women: 700 micrograms RAE

Daily Value of retinoids

1,000 micrograms - no DRI for provitamin carentenoids - average current intake meets DRI

Preformed vit. A (sources)

animal origin sources as retinol and retinal esters

Preformed vit. A (transport, storage, and excretion)

1) retinyl ester must separate retinol from FA in before active - uses pancreatic lipase and bile 2) unesterfied retinol is taken up by enterocytes (may involve diffusion) - up to 90% absorption 3) after absorption, retinol reattached to FA and packaged in chylomicron 4) enter lymph circulation 5) delivered to tissues for use/storage

dietary plant sources are provitamin A carotenoids in

fruits and veggies

carotenoids are either cleaved to ___ or ____

generate retinol or absorbed intact

(vit. A) prior to absorption, are often attached to what

proteins that are split off by digestive enzymes

absorbed by what (vit. A)

passive diffusion (no energy required; high to low concern)

vit. A what % of intake

5-60%

inside of vit. A cells, provitamin A caretenoids cleaved to form ____ or _____

retinal or retinoic acid

route of retinyl ester (lymph) or retinoic acid enter what

bloodstream for transport to liver

____% of body's vitamin A stores are in ____

90%, liver

vit. A storage in liver time | - small amounts stored where else

several months | adipose tissue, kidneys, bone marrow, testicles & eyes

Transport of vit. A after liver (4 steps)

1) retinoids bound to retinol binding protein (RBP) 2) requires retinol, protein, & zinc 3) carotenoids carried by VLDL 4) taken up by specific receptors in unique functional areas of various cells

Excretion of vit. A | -carotenoids

- not much - small amount in urine - carotenoids excreted in bile

all fat soluble are excreted how eventually

through feces

function of retinoids (vit. A) (5)

1) analogs in dermatology (acutane) 2) cell differentiation 3) immune function 4) vision * 5) growth & devel

carotenoids (beyond provitamin A) (4)

1) cancers in certain populations 2) cardiovascular disease 3) decrease in risk of some diseases 4) eye diseases ex/ macular degeneration

vit. A diseases (4)

1) night blindness 2) xerophthalmia (irreversible blindness) 3) follicular hyperkeratosis 4) toxicities

UL of vit. A

3000 micrograms