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Nutrition test 4 > Chapter 12a > Flashcards

Chapter 12a Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin needs (oz per lbs of food)

A

1 oz per 150 lbs of food

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2
Q

Must get some vitamins from _____. Can’t ____ all vitamins.

A

food, synthesize

ex/ vit c

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3
Q

Diseases from vitamin deficiencies (3)

A
  1. night blindness (vit. A)
  2. rickets (vit d)
  3. scurvy (vit c)
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4
Q

Vitamin (definition)?

A

organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts

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5
Q

How are vitamins synthesized?

A

-MUST be obtained through the diet

cannot be synthesized at all or in sufficient quantities by an organism

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6
Q

How many vitamins are recognized?

A

13

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7
Q

_____ organic substances (vitamins)

A

essential (has to be obtained in the diet)

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8
Q

Which are water soluble?

A

vit. B complex & C

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9
Q

Which are fat soluble?

A

vit. D, E, K, A

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10
Q

Vitamins (6 random facts)

A
  • essential organic substances
  • produce deficiency symptoms when missing from diet
  • yield NO energy
  • basic functions
  • facilitate energy-yeilding chemical reactions
  • function as co-enzymes
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11
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with?

A

dietary fat

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12
Q

Adequate absorption depends on?

A

1) dietary fat
2) pancreatic lipase
3) bile in small intestine

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13
Q

Difference between fat and water soluble vitamins?

A

fat can store & build up toxins much more than water-soluble which is usually flushed out of the body

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14
Q

What must be consumed if absorption conditions are less than ideal?

A

supplements (in large amounts)

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15
Q

3 types of malabsorption diseases? Causes?

A

1) GI tract diseases 2) Pancreatic diseases 3) alcohol abuse

- poor absorption of fat soluble vitamins

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16
Q

Fat soluble vitamins packaged in**

A

chylomicron (beginning of fat digestion)

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17
Q

Vitamins travel through the _____ system

A

lymphatic

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18
Q

Vitamins are delivered to target cells by what system

A

circulatory system

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19
Q

As chylomicron travels, the TAG breaks down - eventually leaving what to reenter the liver

A

remnant

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20
Q

Remnant?

A

contains fat-soluble vitamins not taken up by cells

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21
Q

When fat-soluble vitamins are consumed in excess what happens?

A

theyre stored in fatty tissues and liver

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22
Q

Fat is transported in the blood as?

A

lipoproteins

23
Q

Lipoproteins contain? (2)

A

1) lipid core

2) shell composed of proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol

24
Q

Storage of fat-soluble vitamins

A

not readily excreted (except vitamin K)

25
Q

Storage of water-soluble vitamins (3 things)

A
  • generally lost from body (sept vit. K)
  • B6 absorbed to a greater extent (passive diffusion in jejunum and ileum)
  • excreted via urine
26
Q

Vitamins should be consumed ____; Occasional lapse?

A

daily; is harmless

27
Q

Toxicity in fat-soluble vitamins

A

can accumulate in body

28
Q

Toxicity in water-soluble vitamins

A

some can cause toxicity

29
Q

Toxicity from vitamins most likely due to?

A

supplementation

30
Q

5 DRI’s?

on final

A

1) Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) (50%)
2) Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) (97-98%)
3) Adequate Intakes (AIs) (min. amnt)
4) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) (max amnt)
5) Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)

31
Q

Vitamin A: Retinoids

A
  • active form: preformed vit. A
  • retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid
  • dietary sources: liver, fish oils, fortified dairy products and eggs
  • animal origin
32
Q

Retinyl ester = ___ & ____

A

vit. A + FA

33
Q

Caroteinoids

A
  • provitamins (can be converted to vit. A)

- plant dietary sources: dark green & yellow orange veggies & fruits

34
Q

_____ ________ —–> ________

A

retinol (& retinyl ester) retinal —-> retinoic acid

35
Q

RDA (for retinoids) for men and women

A

men: 900 micrograms RAE
women: 700 micrograms RAE

36
Q

Daily Value of retinoids

A

1,000 micrograms

  • no DRI for provitamin carentenoids
  • average current intake meets DRI
37
Q

Preformed vit. A (sources)

A

animal origin sources as retinol and retinal esters

38
Q

Preformed vit. A (transport, storage, and excretion)

A

1) retinyl ester must separate retinol from FA in before active
- uses pancreatic lipase and bile
2) unesterfied retinol is taken up by enterocytes (may involve diffusion)
- up to 90% absorption
3) after absorption, retinol reattached to FA and packaged in chylomicron
4) enter lymph circulation
5) delivered to tissues for use/storage

39
Q

dietary plant sources are provitamin A carotenoids in

A

fruits and veggies

40
Q

carotenoids are either cleaved to ___ or ____

A

generate retinol or absorbed intact

41
Q

(vit. A) prior to absorption, are often attached to what

A

proteins that are split off by digestive enzymes

42
Q

absorbed by what (vit. A)

A

passive diffusion (no energy required; high to low concern)

43
Q

vit. A what % of intake

A

5-60%

44
Q

inside of vit. A cells, provitamin A caretenoids cleaved to form ____ or _____

A

retinal or retinoic acid

45
Q

route of retinyl ester (lymph) or retinoic acid enter what

A

bloodstream for transport to liver

46
Q

____% of body’s vitamin A stores are in ____

A

90%, liver

47
Q

vit. A storage in liver time

- small amounts stored where else

A

several months

adipose tissue, kidneys, bone marrow, testicles & eyes

48
Q

Transport of vit. A after liver (4 steps)

A

1) retinoids bound to retinol binding protein (RBP)
2) requires retinol, protein, & zinc
3) carotenoids carried by VLDL
4) taken up by specific receptors in unique functional areas of various cells

49
Q

Excretion of vit. A

-carotenoids

A
  • not much
  • small amount in urine
  • carotenoids excreted in bile
50
Q

all fat soluble are excreted how eventually

A

through feces

51
Q

function of retinoids (vit. A) (5)

A

1) analogs in dermatology (acutane)
2) cell differentiation
3) immune function
4) vision *
5) growth & devel

52
Q

carotenoids (beyond provitamin A) (4)

A

1) cancers in certain populations
2) cardiovascular disease
3) decrease in risk of some diseases
4) eye diseases ex/ macular degeneration

53
Q

vit. A diseases (4)

A

1) night blindness
2) xerophthalmia (irreversible blindness)
3) follicular hyperkeratosis
4) toxicities

54
Q

UL of vit. A

A

3000 micrograms

Nutrition test 4 (4 decks)

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