Ch 14; water & major minerals

Question 1

water

Answer 1

-no energy, 2nd most important thing in life (oxygen), no digestion, absorption, metabolism

Question 2

% of human body water

Answer 2

50-75%

brain 70%, lungs 90%, lean muscle 75%, blood 83%,

Question 3

bodily water % vary by

Answer 3

gender, age, body fat content, and body structure

-infants children the most, seniors the least %

Question 4

2 body compartments (water)

Answer 4

1) intracellular fluid
- 2/3 of bodes water
2) extracellular fluid
- interstitial (fluid b/w cells)
- intravascular (fluid in blood & lymph)

Question 5

water myths (3)

Answer 5

• caffeine is dehydrating: only a mild diuretic (only feel dehydrated)
  2) alcohol provides water: increases dehydration risk by ADH on kidneys
  3) bottled water is healthier
• 40% comes from tap, missing minerals

Question 6

water needs vary on what

Answer 6

body size, physical activity, environmental conditions & dietary intake

Question 7

AL for total water male & female

Answer 7

men: 25 cups
women: 11 cups

Question 8

water organ regulators

Answer 8

kidneys, brain, lungs, liver

Question 9

body’s response to loss of water

Answer 9

• water shifts freely in and out of cell
• controlled by electrolytes (water follows electrolytes)
• blood volume decreases, decreasing blood pressure

Question 10

water regulated by what hormones & enzymes

Answer 10

• anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
• renin-angiotensin system (causes vasoconstriction)
• aldosterone

Question 11

causes of dehydration

Answer 11

low intake, diarrhea, intense exercise, vomiting, hot weather, high altitudes
-thirst not good in children, elderly, ill, w/ exercise

Question 12

dehydration signs

Answer 12

dry mouth & skin, fatigue, muscle weakness, decreased urine output, dark yellow urine, headache, dizziness, hallucinations

Question 13

water toxicity

Answer 13

hyponatremia (drink less water, increase sodium)

Question 14

mineral?

Answer 14

essential inorganic elements needed in small amounts in the diet for normal function, growth & maintenance of body tissues

Question 15

minerals ____ be synthesized in body

Answer 15

can’t

Question 16

minerals divided into 2 categories

Answer 16

1) macrominerals
- greater than 100mg/day
2) microminerals (trace elements)
- less than 100 mg/day

Question 17

mineral food source

Answer 17

from both plants & animals

-quantity influenced by agricultural factors

Question 18

transportation & excretion of minerals

Answer 18

• once absorbed, travel in blood in free form or bound to protein
• excretion: primarily through urine
• w/ kidney damage, mineral intake must be controlled to avoid toxicity

Question 19

functions of minerals

Answer 19

• cellular, tissue, organ, systemic = minerals are critical
• metabolism
• water balance
• nerve impulse transmission
• body components

Question 20

common mineral deficiencies (major & minor)

Answer 20

major: Ca, Potassium, magnesium

minor (trace): iron, zinc, iodine

Question 21

toxicity in minerals

Answer 21

seen in trace minerals w/ supplementation (iron, zinc)

Question 22

sodium in foods

Answer 22

NaCl: 40% sodium, 60% chloride

-1 tsp = 2300 mg

Question 23

excretion of sodium

Answer 23

mainly urine, feces, perspiration

Question 24

sodium functions (3)

Answer 24

1) absorption of glucose & some AA in SI
2) required for normal muscle & nerve function
- muscle contraction
- conduction of nerve impulses
3) water balance

Question 25

sodium deficiency

Answer 25

rare: natural supply in food plenty
- only when losses exceed intake
- loss of 2-3% body weight in perspiration
- muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shock, coma

Question 26

excess sodium -> hypertension

Answer 26

increased salt intake -> high BP

• high sodium doesn’t cause HTN but aggravates it
• increase risk for kidney stones

Question 27

potassium (K) in food

Answer 27

unprocessed plant based food and milk products (increase intake by eating whole grains & fruits)

Question 28

absorption, transportation & storage of K

Answer 28

• 90% absorbed (intestinal trac)
• transport in blood
• stored in intracellular fluid (95% found here)
• excreted through urine

Question 29

potassium functions

Answer 29

• required for normal muscle & nerve functions; muscle contractions, conduction of nerve impulses
• water balance

Question 30

potassium deficiency

Answer 30

hypogalemia (life-threatening)

• weakness, fatigue, constipation, irregular heartbeat, increased BP
• caused by eating disorders, laxative use, excessive exercise, alcoholism

Question 31

potassium excess

Answer 31

hyperkalcemia

• in poor kidney function
• irregular heart beat, cardiac arrest, interstinal upset