Chapter 12b; vitamin D,E,K

Question 1

vitamin D

Answer 1

• “conditional” vitamin or prohormone

- fat soluble

Question 2

vitamin D2 in foods

Answer 2

fatty fish, cod liver oil, fortif dairy, breakfast cereals

Question 3

D3 ______ synthesized in body

Answer 3

can be

Question 4

vit. D3 formed in skin how?

- 2 details

Answer 4

• from cholesterol
• sunlight changes precursor to inactive vit. D3
• then able to enter bloodstream to travel to liver -> kidneys where converted to active D3

Question 5

minimal requirements of vit. D

Answer 5

sunlight on hands/face/arms 2-3 times/week for 10-15 min

Question 6

influences on D3 activation (7)

Answer 6

1) age
2) skin color
3) sunlight
4) time of day
5) time of year
6) latitude
7) sunscreen use over SPF 8 (shuts of D3)

Question 7

RDA for 19-50 y.o’s

Answer 7

male: 15 mcg
female: 15 mcg

Question 8

vit. D: absorbed & transported via _____ in the _____ system

Answer 8

micelles (SI) in lymphatic system

Question 9

bound to what in the blood (vit. d)

Answer 9

protein

Question 10

vit. d transported to ____ or ____ for storage

Answer 10

muscle (min. storage) or adipose tissue

Question 11

vit. d transported to ____ and ____ to be activated

Answer 11

liver and kidneys

Question 12

inactivated vit. d can circulate for weeks* & serves as additional _______

Answer 12

storage pool

Question 13

malabsorption issues w/ vit. d

Answer 13

-if problem in GI tract, liver, or kidney absorption, metabolism & activation is altered

Question 14

excretion of vit. d

Answer 14

primary in bile, small amount in urine

Question 15

active form of vit. D

Answer 15

calcitriol

Question 16

synthesis of active vit. D regulated by what 2 things

-3 details

Answer 16

1) parathyroid hormone and kidneys
- w/ decrease of Ca in blood
- increase absorption of dietary Ca & phosphorous in intestines
- PTH increase production of 1, 25 D3 in kidneys to restore Ca balance

Question 17

vit. d functions (4)

Answer 17

1) calcium & phosphorus homeostasis
2) bone health: increases absorption of Ca & P
releases Ca & P from bone, if blood levels low
3) decrease infections and autoimmune diseases
4) influence on several hormones (insulin, renin, PTH)

Question 18

vit. d diseases

Answer 18

• deficiencies
  kids: rickets
  adults: osteomaldeia

Question 19

vit. d toxicities

Answer 19

• don’t occur from sunlight or dietary sources
• can occur w/ supplementation
• UL 4000

Question 20

hypercalcemia

Answer 20

vit. d déficience, leading to calcium deposits in soft tissue (kidneys, heart, lungs)
- if not checked fatal

Question 21

vit. e 8 compounds

Answer 21

• 4 tocopherols

- 4 tocotrienolds

Question 22

dietary sources of vit. e

Answer 22

plant oils (ex/ canola), wheat germ, avocado, almonds, peanuts, and sunflower seeds

Question 23

absorption and transportation of vit. e depends on what

Answer 23

amount consumed and absorption of fat intake

Question 24

absorp & transport vit. e passively via _____ into _____ into ____

Answer 24

micelles -> chylomicrons -> lymph system

Question 25

adsorp and transportation of vit. e dependent on what

Answer 25

bile and pancreatic enzymes

Question 26

______% of dietary intake (vit. e) absorbed

Answer 26

20-70%

Question 27

absorbed and transported 90% where vit e

Answer 27

adipose tissue

Question 28

excreted (vit. e)

Answer 28

bile (primary), urine, and skin

Question 29

function of vit. e (2)

Answer 29

1) antioxidant: stabilizes cell membranes 2) reduces oxidative stress: stops lipid peroxidation (chain rx) by free radicals - antioxidant work as team effort

Question 30

vit e deficiency (3)

Answer 30

rare 1) hemolytic anemia 2) fat malabsorption conditions, pre-term infants, smokers most suseptible 3) immune function impairment & neuro changes

Question 31

toxicity of vit. e

Answer 31

rare: can interfere with vit. K and cause hemorrhaging

Question 32

vit. k family of compounds called

Answer 32

quinones

Question 33

phylloquinones

Answer 33

K1: from plants: green leafy veggies, kale broccoli, peas and green beans - most biologically active - main dietary form of vitamin k

Question 34

menaquinones

Answer 34

K2; synthesized by bacteria in colon | -from fish oils and meats

Question 35

menadione

Answer 35

k3; synthetic form - rx from MD - excess can cause hemolytic anemia, excess bilirubin, & death in newborns

Question 36

absorption and transportation vit k

Answer 36

- same as vit. A, D & E | - 80% of dietary vit. K absorbed

Question 37

storage of vit. K

Answer 37

-stored in the liver (limited) & some bone

Question 38

excreted (vit. K)

Answer 38

- more readily excreted than other fat soluble vitamins | - primarily bile; small amount urine

Question 39

function (vit. K)

Answer 39

Gla residue proteins use vit. K to bind Ca to form blood clots

Question 40

synthesis of blood clotting factors (function)

Answer 40

- vit k becomes inactive after activating clotting factor (prothrombin) - must be reactivated - anticoagulants inhibit activation process (heart attack, thins the blood)

Question 41

bone metabolism/calcification (function)

Answer 41

- Gla AA residue found in bone | - vit. K dependent

Question 42

vit. k deficiency (5)

Answer 42

rare; 1) newborns (low stores and gut bacteria colonies not sufficient to synth. fit k) 2) long-term antibiotic use 3) fat malabsorption 4) results in poor clot formation and hemorrhaging 5) excessive intake of A and E interfere w. absorption and function of K

Question 43

toxicity associated w/ K3

Answer 43

not natural forms | -no UL

Question 44

enrichment?

Answer 44

add nutrients back to food after it was lost during processing -whole grains contain original nutrients & grain/cereal products need to be enriched ex/ thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, iron

Question 45

fortification

Answer 45

add a nutrient to food in which that nutrient DOES NOT naturally exist ex/ calcium fortified orange juice, milk vit. d

Question 46

Dietary Supplements | Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act; DSHEA

Answer 46

- a mineral - a vitamin - an amino acid - an herb, botanical/plant extract - a combination of any of the above

Question 47

what are not closely monitored by the FDA dealing w/ supplements

Answer 47

quality, purity, and consistency

Question 48

things to look for in supplementation

Answer 48

- no more than 100% Daily Value - USP certification (United States Pharma) - diet and supplement shouldn't exceed ULs - check for superfluous ingredients