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Nutrition test 4 > Chapter 12b; vitamin D,E,K > Flashcards

Chapter 12b; vitamin D,E,K Flashcards

1
Q

vitamin D

A
  • “conditional” vitamin or prohormone

- fat soluble

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2
Q

vitamin D2 in foods

A

fatty fish, cod liver oil, fortif dairy, breakfast cereals

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3
Q

D3 ______ synthesized in body

A

can be

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4
Q

vit. D3 formed in skin how?

- 2 details

A
  • from cholesterol
  • sunlight changes precursor to inactive vit. D3
  • then able to enter bloodstream to travel to liver -> kidneys where converted to active D3
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5
Q

minimal requirements of vit. D

A

sunlight on hands/face/arms 2-3 times/week for 10-15 min

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6
Q

influences on D3 activation (7)

A

1) age
2) skin color
3) sunlight
4) time of day
5) time of year
6) latitude
7) sunscreen use over SPF 8 (shuts of D3)

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7
Q

RDA for 19-50 y.o’s

A

male: 15 mcg
female: 15 mcg

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8
Q

vit. D: absorbed & transported via _____ in the _____ system

A

micelles (SI) in lymphatic system

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9
Q

bound to what in the blood (vit. d)

A

protein

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10
Q

vit. d transported to ____ or ____ for storage

A

muscle (min. storage) or adipose tissue

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11
Q

vit. d transported to ____ and ____ to be activated

A

liver and kidneys

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12
Q

inactivated vit. d can circulate for weeks* & serves as additional _______

A

storage pool

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13
Q

malabsorption issues w/ vit. d

A

-if problem in GI tract, liver, or kidney absorption, metabolism & activation is altered

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14
Q

excretion of vit. d

A

primary in bile, small amount in urine

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15
Q

active form of vit. D

A

calcitriol

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16
Q

synthesis of active vit. D regulated by what 2 things

-3 details

A

1) parathyroid hormone and kidneys
- w/ decrease of Ca in blood
- increase absorption of dietary Ca & phosphorous in intestines
- PTH increase production of 1, 25 D3 in kidneys to restore Ca balance

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17
Q

vit. d functions (4)

A

1) calcium & phosphorus homeostasis
2) bone health: increases absorption of Ca & P
releases Ca & P from bone, if blood levels low
3) decrease infections and autoimmune diseases
4) influence on several hormones (insulin, renin, PTH)

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18
Q

vit. d diseases

A
  • deficiencies
    kids: rickets
    adults: osteomaldeia
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19
Q

vit. d toxicities

A
  • don’t occur from sunlight or dietary sources
  • can occur w/ supplementation
  • UL 4000
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20
Q

hypercalcemia

A

vit. d déficience, leading to calcium deposits in soft tissue (kidneys, heart, lungs)
- if not checked fatal

21
Q

vit. e 8 compounds

A
  • 4 tocopherols

- 4 tocotrienolds

22
Q

dietary sources of vit. e

A

plant oils (ex/ canola), wheat germ, avocado, almonds, peanuts, and sunflower seeds

23
Q

absorption and transportation of vit. e depends on what

A

amount consumed and absorption of fat intake

24
Q

absorp & transport vit. e passively via _____ into _____ into ____

A

micelles -> chylomicrons -> lymph system

25
Q

adsorp and transportation of vit. e dependent on what

A

bile and pancreatic enzymes

26
Q

______% of dietary intake (vit. e) absorbed

A

20-70%

27
Q

absorbed and transported 90% where vit e

A

adipose tissue

28
Q

excreted (vit. e)

A

bile (primary), urine, and skin

29
Q

function of vit. e (2)

A

1) antioxidant: stabilizes cell membranes
2) reduces oxidative stress: stops lipid peroxidation (chain rx) by free radicals
- antioxidant work as team effort

30
Q

vit e deficiency (3)

A

rare

1) hemolytic anemia
2) fat malabsorption conditions, pre-term infants, smokers most suseptible
3) immune function impairment & neuro changes

31
Q

toxicity of vit. e

A

rare: can interfere with vit. K and cause hemorrhaging

32
Q

vit. k family of compounds called

A

quinones

33
Q

phylloquinones

A

K1: from plants: green leafy veggies, kale broccoli, peas and green beans

  • most biologically active
  • main dietary form of vitamin k
34
Q

menaquinones

A

K2; synthesized by bacteria in colon

-from fish oils and meats

35
Q

menadione

A

k3; synthetic form

  • rx from MD
  • excess can cause hemolytic anemia, excess bilirubin, & death in newborns
36
Q

absorption and transportation vit k

A
  • same as vit. A, D & E

- 80% of dietary vit. K absorbed

37
Q

storage of vit. K

A

-stored in the liver (limited) & some bone

38
Q

excreted (vit. K)

A
  • more readily excreted than other fat soluble vitamins

- primarily bile; small amount urine

39
Q

function (vit. K)

A

Gla residue proteins use vit. K to bind Ca to form blood clots

40
Q

synthesis of blood clotting factors (function)

A
  • vit k becomes inactive after activating clotting factor (prothrombin)
  • must be reactivated
  • anticoagulants inhibit activation process (heart attack, thins the blood)
41
Q

bone metabolism/calcification (function)

A
  • Gla AA residue found in bone

- vit. K dependent

42
Q

vit. k deficiency (5)

A

rare;

1) newborns (low stores and gut bacteria colonies not sufficient to synth. fit k)
2) long-term antibiotic use
3) fat malabsorption
4) results in poor clot formation and hemorrhaging
5) excessive intake of A and E interfere w. absorption and function of K

43
Q

toxicity associated w/ K3

A

not natural forms

-no UL

44
Q

enrichment?

A

add nutrients back to food after it was lost during processing
-whole grains contain original nutrients & grain/cereal products need to be enriched
ex/ thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, iron

45
Q

fortification

A

add a nutrient to food in which that nutrient DOES NOT naturally exist
ex/ calcium fortified orange juice, milk vit. d

46
Q

Dietary Supplements

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act; DSHEA

A
  • a mineral
  • a vitamin
  • an amino acid
  • an herb, botanical/plant extract
  • a combination of any of the above
47
Q

what are not closely monitored by the FDA dealing w/ supplements

A

quality, purity, and consistency

48
Q

things to look for in supplementation

A
  • no more than 100% Daily Value
  • USP certification (United States Pharma)
  • diet and supplement shouldn’t exceed ULs
  • check for superfluous ingredients

Nutrition test 4 (4 decks)

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