Chapter 13 vocab Flashcards
Organism that is harmful or destructive
with humans or our social or economic endeavors.
Pest
Organisms that feed on
ornamental plants or agricultural crops or animals
Agricultural pest
Plants that compete with agricultural
crops, forests, and forage grasses for light and
nutrients.
Weeds
Chemical used to kill plants
Herbicide
Chemical used to kill animals and insects
Pesticide
Use of chemicals to kill large numbers of pests
Chemical treatment
Seeks to give long-lasting protection
by developing control agents on the basis of
knowledge of the pest’s life cycle and of
ecological relationships.
Ecological control
An approach to controlling pest populations
by using both chemical and ecological methods in a
way that brings about long-term management of pest
populations and also has minimal environmental
impact.
Integrated pest management
included toxic heavy metals such as lead, arsenic,
cyanide, and mercury
First-generation pesticides
Minute insects that suck the juices from plant cells
Scale insects
It was effective against multitude of insect pests.
Broad spectrum
It did not break down readily in the environment and provided long lasting protection
Persistent
Pesticides that interfere with reproductive hormones
Endocrine disruptors
People who study birds, observed drastic declines in populations of many species of birds that fed at the tops of food chains
Ornithologists
Process of accumulating higher and higher doses of a pesticide up the food chain
Bioaccumulation
The multiplying effect of bioaccumulation in a food chain
Biomagnification
A phenomenon that after a pest has been virtually eliminated with a pesticide, the pest population not only recovers, but explodes to higher and more severe levels.
Resurgence
A phenomenon in which small populations of insects that were previously of no concern because of their low
numbers suddenly start to explode, creating new problems.
Secondary-pest outbreaks
the increase use of chemicals increases resistance and secondary-pest outbreaks, which lead to the use of new and larger quantities of chemicals
Pesticide treadmill
Break down into simple nontoxic products within a few weeks of being used.
Nonpersistent pesticides
Multiple factors work together to create an unexpected outcome
Synergistic effects
Involves working with natural factors instead of synthetic
chemicals.
Natural control/Biological control
A no chemical alteration of one or more environmental factors in such a way that the pest finds the environment unsuitable or is unable to gain access to its target.
Cultural control
Breeding plants that are resistant to insect pests
Genetic control
Chemicals produced in humans and other animals which provide “signals” that control developmental processes and metabolic functions
Hormones
If this chemical is sprayed on caterpillars, pupation
does not occur
Juvenile hormone
Chemicals secreted by one individual that influence the behavior of another of the same species.
Pheromones
A measure used to determine when the damage caused by pests is considerable and outweighs the cost of applying a pesticide.
Economic threshold
The use of pesticides to prevent a pest before it becomes a problem
Insurance spraying
The use of pesticides to control pests that make fruits or vegetables look bad and less desirable to consumers
Cosmetic spraying
Pays the farmer in the event of loss due to pests.
Pest-loss insurance
Passed by Congress to establish guidelines for the certification of organic foods
Organic Foods Protection Act of 1990
Requires manufacturers to register pesticides with the
EPA before marketing them and to test their toxicity levels.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947
Protection of public from the risks of pesticides used on food.
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
No detectable residue of a pesticide may be on food
if it presents any risk of cancer
The Delaney Clause
Passed by Congress which did away with the Delaney Clause and amended both FIFRA and FFDCA.
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
The limit to the amount of pesticide that can remain on food
Tolerance
An international treaty that promotes open exchange of information about hazardous chemicals
The Rotterdam Convention
Exporting countries inform all potential importing countries of actions they have taken to ban or restrict the use of pesticides or other toxic chemicals
Prior informed consent
Approved by the FAO in 2002 which promotes safe use of pesticides
Code of conduct
A treaty designed to eliminate or restrict persistent organic pollutants.
Stockholm convention
