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KIN 216 Exam 3 > Chapter 13 - The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord
Rostral, Caudal, Cephalic
Brain is involved with the most complex functions: intelligence, consciousness, memory, sensory-motor integration, etc.
Adult brain weights about 1500 g (3.3 lbs)
encephalos = brain

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2
Q

Rostral

A

toward the snout (nose)

describes higher brain regions

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3
Q

Caudal

A

toward the tail

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4
Q

Cephalic

A

Of or relating to the head

Located on, in, or near the head

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5
Q

Embryonic Development of the Brain

A 
neural tube
primary brain vesicles (week 4): forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
seconday brain vesicles (week 5)
adult brain structures
adult neural canal regions
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6
Q

Organization of the brain

A

Brain is classified according to 4 parts
cortex
brain nuclei

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7
Q

Brain is classified according to 4 parts

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Cerebellum

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8
Q

Cerebral hemispheres make-up

A

cerebrum

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9
Q

Diencephalon make-up

A

thalamus + hypothalamus + epithalamus

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10
Q

Brain stem make-up

A

midbrain + pons + medulla

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11
Q

cortex

A

external sheet of gray matter at surface of brain

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12
Q

brain nuclei

A

groups of neuron cells bodies

interior gray matter of the brain

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13
Q

Brain ventricles

A 
Expansions of brain's central cavity
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
continuous with each other and with central canal of spinal cord
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
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14
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

Located in cerebral hemispheres

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15
Q

3rd ventricle

A

located in diencephalon

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16
Q

4th ventricle

A

located in the hindbrain (dorsal to the pons and superior half of the medulla)

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17
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest and most obvious portion of brain
accounts for about 83% of the brain’s weight
consists of left and right hemispheres, separated by longitudinal fissure
BUT not completely separated due to corpus callosum (large tract of white matter), which connects 2 sides
Higher brain functions (specific to lobes)

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18
Q

Cerebrum lobes

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
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19
Q

Frontal lobe

A

forms the anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere
Is separated from parietal lobe by central sulcus which runs along coronal plane
Initiates voluntary motor impulses for control of skeletal muscle
Analyzes some sensory info
personality
Speech is controlled here by Broca’s area

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20
Q

Parietal lobs

A

dorsal to central sulcus, frontal lobs
cutaneous and muscle sensations
understanding and listening to speech

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21
Q

Temporal lobe

A

separated from fontal lobe by lateral sulcus (fissure)
responsible for hearing - raw data only, recieves sounds
memory of audio/visual perceptions
Wernicke’s area - directly connected to the motor speech area
aphasia

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22
Q

aphasia

A

speech/language disorders caused by damage to specific areas of the brain

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23
Q

Occipital lobe

A

most dorsal lobe

responsible for vision

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24
Q

Insula lobe

A 
deep lobe that cannot be seen on surface
function not as clear, appears to be involved in integration of other cerebral activities and memory
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25
Q

Cerebrum layers

A

Cerebral cortex
white matter
deep gray matter

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26
Q

Cerebral cortex (conscious mind)

A

outer layer - gray matter (nerve cell bodies)
has many folds and grooves called convolutions which serve to triple the area
elevated folds (ridges) of the convolutions are called gyri
depressed grooves are called sulci
lateralization of function
3 functional areas

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27
Q

gyri

A

elevated folds of the convolutions

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28
Q

sulci

A

depressed grooves

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29
Q

Lateralization of function (cerebrum)

A

hemispheres control opposite sides of body

2 hemispheres are similar in structure and share most functions due to commissures

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30
Q

left hemisphere of cerebral cortex

A

language, math, logic

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31
Q

right hemisphere of cerebral cortex

A

visual-spatial, intuition, art, music

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32
Q

3 kinds of functional areas in the cerebral cortex

A

sensory areas
association areas
motor areas

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33
Q

sensory areas

A

allow awareness of sensation

each of the major senses has a sensory area

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34
Q

Associations areas

A

Integrate information

each of the major senses has an association area linked to ites primary sensory cortex

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35
Q

Motor areas

A

frontal lobe

control voluntary motor functions

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36
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe
postcentral gyrus; skin and proprioceptive info
somatotopy: body mapping (homunculus)

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37
Q

Somatosensory association cortex

A

parietal lobe
posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
integration of sensory input

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38
Q

Visual areas

A

vision

occipital lobe

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39
Q

Auditory areas

A

hearing

temporal lobe

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40
Q

gustatory cortex

A

taste

roof of lateral sulcus

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41
Q

vestibular cortex

A

balance

insular lobe

42
Q

olfactory cortex

A

smell
piriform lobe
rhinencephalon

43
Q

rinencephalon

A

nose brain
connects to limbic system
smells can trigger emotions

44
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

primary motor area located along precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
large neurons called pyramidal cells signal motor movements (voluntary)

45
Q

motor homunculus

A

map of body

46
Q

Premotor cortex

A

anterior to precentral gyrus

deals with more complex movements, planning

47
Q

Frontal eye field

A

motor area

48
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor area

49
Q

cerebral white matter

A

inner layer

consists of myelinated axons

50
Q

deep gray matter (3)

A

basal ganglia
basal forebrain nuclei
claustrum

51
Q

basal (forebrain) nuclei

A

4 separate structures
anterior and doral to hypothalamus
arousal, learning, memory, motor control

52
Q

Basal ganglia

A

3 separate structures
located in white matter
communicate with cerebral cortex; exact roles unknown-help to control movements
NOT the same as ganglia in PNS

53
Q

Diencephalon

A

Forms central portion of forebrain
Surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
3 paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

54
Q

thalamus

A

80% of diencephalon
egg-shaped
afferent impulses from senses

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

inferior portion of diencephalon
pituitary gland projects inferiorly (hormones)
contains many nuclei and is responsible for control of autonomic nervous system, emotional responses, body temp, hunger/thirst, behavior, sleep-wake cycles, endocrine system, and memory

56
Q

Epithalamus

A

most dorsal
one group of nuclei and the pineal gland
secretes melatonin

57
Q

Brain stem

A

Produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival
acts as passageway for all tracts running from cerebrum to spinal cord
involved with innervation to face and head
same structural plan as spinal cord - outer white matter surrounds inner gray matter

58
Q

midbrain

A

involved with locomotor function and auditory postural, and visual functions

59
Q

Pons

A

bridge connecting 2 sides of cerebellum
is a relay center for cranial nerves to areas in head
assists medulla in respiratory control (rate and depth of breathing)

60
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

most caudal part of brain stem
continuous with spinal cord at foramen magum
contains never tracts that run between brain and spinal cord
made up of both white matter and gray matter, which is where nuclei for cranial nerves are located
major center for autonomic function (cardiac, resp, vasomotor)

61
Q

Decussation

A

allowing one side of the brain to receive info from and send info to the other side of the body

62
Q

Cerebellum

A

11% of the brain’s mass
Dorsal to pons and medulla
smoothes and coordinates body movements
3 regions: outer cortex (gray), internal white matter, and deep nuclei (gray)
commands come FROM frontal lobe of cerebrum and go TO cerebellum
Processes impulses from proprioceptors (within tendons, joints, etc. areas sensitive to tension)

63
Q

Dysfunction

A

jerky, uncoordinated movements known as ATAXIA (similar to being intoxicated)

64
Q

Functional brain systems

A

limbic system

reticular formation

65
Q

Limbic system

A

group of structures in medial sides of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
components form ring in cerebrum
Is emotional brain, also involved with memory
communicates with many other brain regions; output mostly goes through hypothalamus and reticular formation

66
Q

amygdala

A

part of limbic system

processes fear and response to fear

67
Q

Reticular formation

A

through central core of medulla, pons, and midbrain
cluster of neurons with long axons that connect all over brain
reticular activating system (RAS) communicates with cerebellum and controls consciousness (severe injury can cause coma)

68
Q

Brain Protection

A

meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
blood brain barrier

69
Q

meninges

A

3 connective tissue membranes that lie external to brain and spinal cord
Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater

70
Q

Dura mater

A

periosteal layer is in contact with bone
meningeal layer forms external covering of brain
the 2 layers are fused except where sinuses formed
composed of dense CT
cranial dura mater has 2 layers, but spinal has one

71
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

located deep to dura mater - spaces in between dura mater and arachnoid are subdural spaces, containing fluid film
Is net-like and contains subarachnoid space which contains CSF
Subarachnoid space has weblike strands that connect arachnoid and pia mater

72
Q

Pia mater

A

latin pia: soft, tender, gentle
located directly on top of brain, spinal cord (bound to both) - clings tightly
made of modified loose CT

73
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

a filtrate of blood, but it’s clear
mostly made of water and small molecules
total CSF at any one time ~150ml (1/2 cup)

74
Q

CSF functions

A 
protection and maintenance of brain and spinal cord
provides cushioning (brain weighs 1.5 kg but in fluid it weighs .05 kg)
provides nourishment and waste removal
75
Q

CSF location

A

brain = outside in subarachnoid space and inside in ventricles
spinal cord = outside in subarachnoid space and inside in central spinal canal

76
Q

Circulation of CSF

A

made in choroid plexus
travels through ventricles and into central spinal canal
goes to subarachnoid space of spinal cord then of brain
gets dumped into CV system via subarachnoid villi, which dump into veins

77
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Arrangement of capillaries, CT, and astrocytes
Is a filtering system that keeps out certain cells and proteins, toxins, some drugs
Allows in gases, glucose, ions, lipids, alcohol (fat-soluble substances allowed in because they can diffuse across cell membranes)
Is absent in certain brain areas because brain must be able to react to circumstances (hypothalamus)

78
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Runs through vertebral canal from foramen magnum to the level of L1/L2
protected by bone, meninges, and CSF
Dura mater=spinal dural sheath (diff than dura of brain)

79
Q

Spinal cord functions

A

sensory and motor innervation of body (inferior to head)
provides 2-way path for body-brain signals
center for reflexes

80
Q

Spinal cord structural make-up

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves attach to spinal cord through dorsal and ventral nerve roots

  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
81
Q

cauda equina

A

horse’s tail

collection of nerve roots at caudal end of spinal cord

82
Q

Spinal cord gray matter

A

Inner region mostly neuron cell bodies
Forms ‘H’ - crossbar is called gray commissure; contains central conal, 2 posterior horns, 2 anterior horns
Lateral horns exist in thoracic and superior lumbar segments
posterior horns = mostly interneurons receiving info from sensory neurons
anterior and lateral horns = cell bodies of motor neurons, send axons out via ventral roots

83
Q

Spinal cord white matter

A

myelinated and unmyelinated axons that allow communication between spinal cord and brain and between different spinal cord segments

84
Q

Sensory and Motor pathways

A

most decussate (cross from one side to the other) from one side of CNS to other side
Most are made up of a chain of 2-3 neurons that contribute to successive tracts
Most exhibit body mapping
All pathways are paired right and left

85
Q

Dyskinesia

A

degenerative condition of basal ganglia

86
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

slow, jerky movements
muscle rigidity
difficulty initiating voluntary movement

87
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Overstimulation of motor activities
Limbs jerk uncontrollably
Inherited - genetic defect is known

88
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of meninges caused by bacterial or viral infections
Can spread and cause inflammation of brain (encephalitis)

89
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Excessive CSF in ventricles or subarachnoid space

Puts pressure on the brain

90
Q

Traumatic brain injuries (3)

A

concussion
contusion
hemorrhaging

91
Q

concussion

A

symptoms mild and transient

92
Q

contusion

A

destruction of brain tissue

93
Q

Hemorrhaging

A

bleeding from ruptured vessels into subdural or arachnoid

swelling can occur

94
Q

Degenerative brain diseases

A 
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Alzheimer's disease
95
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

blockage/interruption of blood flow to brain (clot or burst vessel)

96
Q

Ischemia

A

lack of blood to tissue, then no oxygen

97
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A 
Progressive generative disease
loss of memory
short attention span
depression
disorientation - basal nuclei involved
98
Q

Spinal cord damages

A

paralysis
paresthesia
paraplegia
quadriplegia

motor neurons to diaphragm are in C3-C5; breathing affected

99
Q

paralysis

A

loss of motor function

100
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal/lost sensation

101
Q

Paraplegia

A

damage between T1-L2

lower limbs affected (not upper)

102
Q

quadriplegia

A

damage to cervical region

All 4 limbs affected

KIN 216 Exam 3 (5 decks)

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