Chapter 11 - Muscles of the Body

Question 1

Rigor Mortis

Answer 1

Affects skeletal muscle tissue several hours after death
Depletion of ATP in muscle fibers causes stiffness of joints
Crossbridges are stuck in bound position because there is no ATP to release them

Question 2

Leverage

Answer 2

Use of a lever to move an object

Question 3

Lever

Answer 3

Rigid bar that moves on a fixed point which is called a fulcrum
Allow more effort to be applied to a given load (or allow load to be moved farther)

Question 4

Load

Answer 4

Object being moved

Question 5

Effort

Answer 5

Force to move load

Question 6

Mechanical Disadvantage

Answer 6

Load is farther from fulcrum than effort

Question 7

Mechanical Advantage

Answer 7

Load is close to fulcrum and effort is far from fulcrum

Question 8

Law of levers

Answer 8

When effort is farther from fulcrum than the load, then advantage; when effort is nearer than the load, then disadvantage

Question 9

First Class Lever

Answer 9

Effort is applied at one end, and the load is at the other end
Fulcrum is somewhere in the middle

Question 10

Second Class Lever

Answer 10

Effort is applied at one end, and fulcrum is at the other

Load is in between

Question 11

Third Class Lever

Answer 11

Effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum

Question 12

Fascicle

Answer 12

Bundle of muscle fibers

Question 13

Fascicle Arrangement

Answer 13

4 different patterns: parallel, convergent, pennate, circular

Question 14

Parallel Fascicle Arrangement

Answer 14

Axes of fascicles run parallel to muscle itself

Question 15

Convergent Fascicle Arrangement

Answer 15

Muscle origin is broad, and fascicles converge toward a tendon of insertion

Question 16

Pennate Fascicle Arrangement

Answer 16

Fascicles are short and attach obliquely to tendon that runs entire length of muscle

Question 17

Unipennate

Answer 17

Fascicles insert into one side of tendon

Question 18

Bipennate

Answer 18

Fascicles insert into both sides of tendon

Question 19

Multipennate

Answer 19

Several “feathers” present

Question 20

Circular Fascicle Arrangement

Answer 20

Fascicles arranged in concentric rings

Question 21

Agonist

Answer 21

Prime mover

Sometimes 2 muscles work together, both as agonists

Question 22

Antagonist

Answer 22

Opposes or reverses the movement of the agonist

Question 23

Synergist

Answer 23

Helps agonist by either providing additional force or by eliminating extra movements

Question 24

Fixator

Answer 24

Special kind of synergist that holds a bone in place to provide stable base for agonist

Question 25

Naming is dependent on....

Answer 25

Location (intercostals) Shape (deltoid-delta-triangle) Relative muscle size (maximus, minimus) Direction of fascicles and fibers (rectus = straight, oblique = diag) Location of attachments Number of origins (biceps = 2 heads, triceps= 3 heads) Action (flexor, extensor, etc.)

Question 26

Neck muscle

Answer 26

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 27

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 27

Agonist of head flexion | When acting alone will rotate head toward shoulder on opposite side

Question 28

Back Muscle

Answer 28

Erector Spinae

Question 29

Erector spinae

Answer 29

Agonist of back extension | Consists of 3 muscle columns: illocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis

Question 30

Thorax (breathing) muscles

Answer 30

External intercostals Internal intercostals Diaphragm

Question 31

External intercostals

Answer 31

Pull ribs toward each other to elevate rib cage, aids in inspiration

Question 32

Internal intercostals

Answer 32

Draws ribs together and depresses rib cage, aids in forced expiration

Question 33

Diaphragm

Answer 33

Prime mover of inspiration

Question 34

Thorax (posterior) muscle

Answer 34

Trapezius

Question 35

Trapezius

Answer 35

Moves scapula; elevation and depression of shoulder

Question 36

Shoulder joint muscles

Answer 36

Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Deltoid

Question 37

Pectoralis major

Answer 37

Agonist of arm flexion

Question 38

Latissimus dorsi

Answer 38

Agonist of arm extension

Question 39

Deltoid

Answer 39

Agonist of abduction, flexion, extension

Question 40

Abdomen muscle

Answer 40

Rectus abdominis

Question 41

Rectus abdominis

Answer 41

Flex and rotate lumbar region, fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis (used in sit ups/curls)

Question 42

Elbow muscles

Answer 42

Biceps brachii | Triceps brachii

Question 43

Biceps brachii

Answer 43

Forearm supination and flexion (agonist)

Question 44

Triceps brachii

Answer 44

Forearm extension - agonist

Question 45

Tennis elbow

Answer 45

Tenderness due to trauma or overuse of tendon at the origin of forearm extensors (lateral epicondyle of humerus)

Question 46

Hip muscles

Answer 46

Rectus femoris Gluteus maximus Hamstrings

Question 47

Rectus femoris

Answer 47

Thigh flexion and knee extension

Question 48

Gluteus maximus

Answer 48

Agonist for thigh extension

Question 49

Hamstrings

Answer 49

Thigh extension and knee flexion

Question 50

Hamstring muscles

Answer 50

biceps femoris semimembranosus semitendinosus

Question 51

Knee muscles

Answer 51

Quadriceps femoris | Hamstrings

Question 52

Quadriceps femoris

Answer 52

agonist of knee extension

Question 53

Quadriceps femoris muscles

Answer 53

rectus femoris vastus medialis vastus lateralis vastus intermedius

Question 54

Leg muscles

Answer 54

Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus

Question 55

Tibialis anterior

Answer 55

Agonist for dorsiflexion

Question 56

Gastrocnemius

Answer 56

Agonist for plantarflexion

Question 57

Soleus

Answer 57

Agonist for plantarflexion

Question 58

Charley horse

Answer 58

Muscle tear, followed by bleeding and severe pain

Question 59

Shin splints

Answer 59

Pain in anterior leg cause by swelling of tibialis anterior | Muscle cuts off its own circulation as it swells and presses on its own nerves because it is tightly wrapped by fascia.