Chapter 11 - Muscles of the Body Flashcards
Rigor Mortis
Affects skeletal muscle tissue several hours after death
Depletion of ATP in muscle fibers causes stiffness of joints
Crossbridges are stuck in bound position because there is no ATP to release them
Leverage
Use of a lever to move an object
Lever
Rigid bar that moves on a fixed point which is called a fulcrum
Allow more effort to be applied to a given load (or allow load to be moved farther)
Load
Object being moved
Effort
Force to move load
Mechanical Disadvantage
Load is farther from fulcrum than effort
Mechanical Advantage
Load is close to fulcrum and effort is far from fulcrum
Law of levers
When effort is farther from fulcrum than the load, then advantage; when effort is nearer than the load, then disadvantage
First Class Lever
Effort is applied at one end, and the load is at the other end
Fulcrum is somewhere in the middle
Second Class Lever
Effort is applied at one end, and fulcrum is at the other
Load is in between
Third Class Lever
Effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum
Fascicle
Bundle of muscle fibers
Fascicle Arrangement
4 different patterns: parallel, convergent, pennate, circular
Parallel Fascicle Arrangement
Axes of fascicles run parallel to muscle itself
Convergent Fascicle Arrangement
Muscle origin is broad, and fascicles converge toward a tendon of insertion
Pennate Fascicle Arrangement
Fascicles are short and attach obliquely to tendon that runs entire length of muscle
Unipennate
Fascicles insert into one side of tendon
Bipennate
Fascicles insert into both sides of tendon
Multipennate
Several “feathers” present
Circular Fascicle Arrangement
Fascicles arranged in concentric rings
Agonist
Prime mover
Sometimes 2 muscles work together, both as agonists
Antagonist
Opposes or reverses the movement of the agonist
Synergist
Helps agonist by either providing additional force or by eliminating extra movements
Fixator
Special kind of synergist that holds a bone in place to provide stable base for agonist
Naming is dependent on….
Location (intercostals)
Shape (deltoid-delta-triangle)
Relative muscle size (maximus, minimus)
Direction of fascicles and fibers (rectus = straight, oblique = diag)
Location of attachments
Number of origins (biceps = 2 heads, triceps= 3 heads)
Action (flexor, extensor, etc.)
Neck muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Agonist of head flexion
When acting alone will rotate head toward shoulder on opposite side
Back Muscle
Erector Spinae
Erector spinae
Agonist of back extension
Consists of 3 muscle columns: illocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis
Thorax (breathing) muscles
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Pull ribs toward each other to elevate rib cage, aids in inspiration
Internal intercostals
Draws ribs together and depresses rib cage, aids in forced expiration
Diaphragm
Prime mover of inspiration
Thorax (posterior) muscle
Trapezius
Trapezius
Moves scapula; elevation and depression of shoulder
Shoulder joint muscles
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Agonist of arm flexion
Latissimus dorsi
Agonist of arm extension
Deltoid
Agonist of abduction, flexion, extension
Abdomen muscle
Rectus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Flex and rotate lumbar region, fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis (used in sit ups/curls)
Elbow muscles
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Forearm supination and flexion (agonist)
Triceps brachii
Forearm extension - agonist
Tennis elbow
Tenderness due to trauma or overuse of tendon at the origin of forearm extensors (lateral epicondyle of humerus)
Hip muscles
Rectus femoris
Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings
Rectus femoris
Thigh flexion and knee extension
Gluteus maximus
Agonist for thigh extension
Hamstrings
Thigh extension and knee flexion
Hamstring muscles
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
Knee muscles
Quadriceps femoris
Hamstrings
Quadriceps femoris
agonist of knee extension
Quadriceps femoris muscles
rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
Leg muscles
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Agonist for dorsiflexion
Gastrocnemius
Agonist for plantarflexion
Soleus
Agonist for plantarflexion
Charley horse
Muscle tear, followed by bleeding and severe pain
Shin splints
Pain in anterior leg cause by swelling of tibialis anterior
Muscle cuts off its own circulation as it swells and presses on its own nerves because it is tightly wrapped by fascia.