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BIOL 131 Final Exam > Chapter 13 Spinal Stuff > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Spinal Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

3 Main Functions of NS

A

Sensory input:monitoring changes in and out of body
Integration:processing and interpretation of sensory input
Motor:cresting response by activating effector organs

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2
Q

2 main cells in nervous tissue

A 
Neurons (nerve cells)-excitable cells 
Supporting cells (neuroglia)(glial cells) surround and wrap around neurons
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3
Q

Receptor

A

Stimulate sensory neuron to send electrical signal to spinal cord

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4
Q

Motor neuron

A

Sends information to muscle or glad

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5
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

2 parts of PNS

A

Sensory and Motor

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7
Q

Sensory PNS

A

Sends information TO CNS (Afferent)

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8
Q

Motor division

A

Sends info AWAY from CNS (efferent)

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9
Q

2 categories of Efferent Motor Division and their functions

A

Somatic Nervous System
-Sends info to skeletal muscles

Autonomic Nervous System
-Sends info to visceral effectors (smooth, cardiac, glands)

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10
Q

2 components of autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic-fight or flight

Parasympathetic-conserving energy

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11
Q

Spinal Cord length

A

Medulla to first or second lumbar vertebrae (31 pairs of spinal nerves)

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12
Q

Start and end:
Spinal Cord
Lumbar region

A

Brain to L1-L2

Ends between L5 and S1

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13
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Lumbar and sacral spinal nerves exit cord and travel down vertebrae

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14
Q

Cervical enlargement supplies nerves to:

A

Shoulder and upper limbs

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15
Q

Lumbar Enlargements supplies nerves to

A

Lower limbs

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16
Q

Spinal nerves numbered by

A

Where they exit

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17
Q

Dermatome

A

Region of skin that is controlled by one pair of spinal nerves

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18
Q

Myotome

A

Certain region of muscle that is controlled by one pair of nerves

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19
Q

Dorsal root

A

Sensory info channel INTO and UP spinal cord

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20
Q

Ventral root

A

Motor info channel OUT of spinal cord

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21
Q

3 layers of spinal meninges

A 
Pia mater (inner)
Arachnoid mater (middle)
Dura mater (tough outer)
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22
Q

Epidural space

A

Space between dura mater and bone that has blood belles, aerials tissues, and adipose tissue

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23
Q

Arachnoid mater 3 parts

A

Arachnoid trabeculae, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space

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24
Q

Dura mater is made up of

A

Collagen

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25
Q

Pia mater is made of

A

Elastic and collagen

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26
Q

Grey commissures

A

contain axons that cross from one side of cord to the other

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27
Q

Grey matter regions

A

Lateral
Anterior
Posterior

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28
Q

Lateral Horn contain cell bodies of

A

Autonomic motor neurons with axons that leave through ventral root

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29
Q

Anterior horn contains cell bodies of

A

Somatic motor neurons with axons that leave through ventral root to skeletal muscles

30
Q

Posterior horn contains cell bodies of

A

Inter neurons that RECEIVE information from sensory neurons from DORSAL root

31
Q

Dorsal root Ganglion contain

A

Cell bodies for incoming sensory neurons

32
Q

White Matter 3 columns and their tract types

A

Posterior-ascending
Anterior-both ascending and descending
Lateral-both ascending and defending

33
Q

Each white column are tracts that have axons of similar

A

Myelination, diameter, direction of info

34
Q

Path of stimulus

A 
Sensory receptor 
Sensory neuron 
Integration center 
Motor neuron 
Effector
35
Q

3 layers of spinal connective tissues

How many pairs?

A

Epineurium-around entire nerve
Perineurium-around each fascicle
Endoneurium -around each axon

36
Q

Nerves are composed of

A

Unmyelinated and myelinated axons

37
Q

Each axon is wrapped by a

A

Endoneurium

38
Q

Fascicles

A

Groups of axons wrapped in perinerium

39
Q

Groups of fascicles are wrapped by

A

Epineurium

40
Q

Nerves contain —-that supply axons

A

Blood vessels

41
Q

Mixed nerves are

A

Where somatic afferent and efferent axons mingle

42
Q

Ventral rami forms

A

4 extensively branched complexes called plexuses that converge to sort and supply an efferent region

43
Q

4 plexuses types

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

NONE FROM THORACIC

44
Q

Plexuses definition

A

A complex network of spinal nerve branching and intertwining

45
Q

Brachial plexuses innervate

A

Muscle and skin of upper limbs and pectoral girdle

46
Q

Cervical plexuses innervate

A

Muscles of neck and diaphragm

Skin of neck neck and upper chest

47
Q

Lumbar and sacral plexuses innervate

A

Skin and muscle of pelvic girdle and lower limbs

48
Q

The —-form complex processed that interpet sensory info and make decisions to control motor neurons

A

Interneurons

49
Q

We have——sensory neurons,——motor neurons, —-interneurons

A

10 million, 1/2 million, we billion

50
Q

5 Types of Neural Circuits

A

Divergence, convergence, serial processing, parallel processing, reverberation

51
Q

Divergence neural circuit definition and example

A

One neurons spread to multiple neurons

Ex.visual info sent to many areas of brain to interpret

52
Q

Convergence neuron circuit

A

Multiple neurons send info to one neuron

Ex.breath control under conscious and subconscious control

53
Q

Serial processing

A

Neurons work in a sequence like a straight path

54
Q

Parallel processing

A

Neurons processing information simultaneously

Ex. 0-8! I’m foot creates many results (yelling, shift weight, moving)

55
Q

Reverberation

A

Positive feedback mechanism until synaptic fatigue or inhibitory stimuli
Ex. Consciousness and normal breathing

56
Q

Innate Reflexes

A

Genetically or developmentally determined (suckling)

57
Q

Acquired Reflexes

A

Learned

58
Q

Somatic Reflexes

A

Control skeletal muscle contraction

Superficial and stretch reflex

59
Q

Visceral (autonomic)

A

Smooth and cardiac muscles, glands control

60
Q

Monosynaptic

A

1 synapse

61
Q

Polysynaptic

A

More than one synapse

62
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Processing in spinal cord

63
Q

Cranial reflex

A

Processing in brain

64
Q

Classification of reflex

A

Development, response, circuit complexity, processing site

65
Q

Facilitation

A

Descending axons from brain interact with interneurons in spinal cord and enhance a reflex using Jendrassik maneuver or inhibit reflex

66
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Monosynpatic (patellar reflex)

67
Q

Stretch reflex with reciprocals innervation

A

Myotatic reflex to kick forward

68
Q

Golgi tendon reflex with reciprocal innervation

A

Causes muscle to relax when muscle tension is too great to prevent damage

69
Q

Withdraw reflex with reciprocal inhibition

A

Causes removal of hand from painful stimulus

70
Q

Withdrawal reflex with crossed extension and reciprocal inhibition

A

Used for automatic actions like walking and hitting a nail

BIOL 131 Final Exam (7 decks)

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