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BIOL 131 Final Exam > Chapter 12 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System Functions

A

Monitor variables out and inside of body
Interpret sensory info
Creates a response

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2
Q

Effectors

A

Glands and muscles

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3
Q

Synapse

A

Junction where information transfer from one neuron to another

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4
Q

Presynaptic neuron ——message

Post synaptic neuron—-message

A

Sends

Receives

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5
Q

Anaxonic neuron

A

Looks like it has a lot of branching all around

In brain

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6
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Somatic motor neuron

Skeletal

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7
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Sensory neuron with cell body in middle but axon is uninterrupted

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8
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Smell and heating

Cell body in middle between dendritic process and axon

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that connect motor and sensory neurons

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10
Q

Microgila

A

Phagocytes that consume debris, bacterial, and dead cells

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11
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Simple cuboidal epithelia cells in brown and spinal cord use dfir dealing with cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Myelinated CNS axons and provide structure

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13
Q

Cells found only in PNS

A

Satellite and Schwann cells

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14
Q

Satellite cells

A

Protects, cushions, and regulates fluid and materials

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15
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath

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16
Q

Myelin

A

Insulating sheath that increase propagation rate

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17
Q

Ganglion

A

Many cell bodies inside PNS

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Many cell bodies INSIDE CNS

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19
Q

Which cell repairs axons

A

Schwann cells

NOT OLIGODENDROCYTES

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20
Q

Cells are more ——in relation to outside

A

Negative

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21
Q

Inside of cell is —- and outside is ——

A

K+

Na+ and Cl-

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22
Q

When cell is at rest, it is called

A

Potential difference or electrochemical gradient

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23
Q

Unequal distribution or charge

A

Transmembrane potential

24
Q

Ways ions cross cell membrane

A

1) Leakage channel:Na and K
2) Gated Channel: voltage,chemical,mechanical
3) Na/K pump: 3Na out for every 2K in

25
Q

Movement direction due to concentration gradient

A

Na+ into cell

k+ out of cell

26
Q

Movement gradient due to electrical gradient

A

Positive ions move inside to more negative space (Na and K)

Negative ions move outside to more positive space (Cl- and proteins)

27
Q

There are more leaky ——channels than ——-channels

A

K, Na

28
Q

Factor that changes membrane potential from resting

A

1) Anything that changes permeability of membrane (opening of ion channel)
2) Change to ion concentration (opening and closing of ion channel)

29
Q

Depolarized

A

When cell is more positive than resting potential (more than -70)

30
Q

Hyper-polarized

A

Becomes more negative than -70 resting potential

31
Q

Resting potential

A

-70mV

32
Q

Degree of change in potential varies with 3 factors

A

Graded depolarization of axon hillock

synaptic vesicles secreted

chemical gated ion channels open

33
Q

Where does action potential start

A

Initial segment

34
Q

Where does graded potential start

A

Axon hillock

35
Q

Action potential only moves in——and is mediated by ——- and ——

A

One direction,voltage gated channels, Na+/K+ ion pumps

36
Q

Where does action action potential go on axons

A

Nodes of Ranvier

37
Q

2 factors of conduction velocity for axon

A

1) Myelination:saltatory
2) Axon diameter:bigger=faster
3) Amount of neurons:more=slower

38
Q

Type A nerve fibre description and functions

A

Type A:largest, biggest, fastest

Function:sends info from skin, joint, muscle to CNS and conducts info to skeletal muscle

39
Q

Type B nerve fibre description

A

Small myelinated axon, 2nd fastest

40
Q

Type C nerve fibre definition

A

Small UNMYELIANTED axons

41
Q

Type B and C functions

A

Transmit information from receptors in visceral organ and from pain temp and pressure
Carry instruction to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

42
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Immune system attacking myelin creating neurological systems

43
Q

2 kinds of synapses

A

Electrical

Chemical

44
Q

Electrical synapse qualities

A

LESS COMMON

Flows through channel, fast, no synaptic cleft or vesicle

45
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

Axon terminal:excitatory neurotransmitter

Receptor region on post synaptic membrane

46
Q

What is Ca 2+ used for in chemical synapses

A

Used to trigger exocytosis if ACh

47
Q

Steps of chemical synapse

A

1) action potential arrives and depolarizes synapse
2) ca enters synaptic cleft and triggers exocytosis of ACh
3) ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes post synaptic membrane
4) ACh is removed by AChE

48
Q

Synaptic Delay

A

Time between arrival of AP at synaptic knob and effect on postsynaptic membrane

49
Q

Synaptic Fatigue

A

Resynthesis and transport can’t keep pace with neurotransmitter

50
Q

3 ways neurotransmitters work

A

1) opening chemically gated ion channel
2) indirectly through activating G protein coupled receptors
3) indirectly through activating/inhibiting intracellular enzyme/channels

51
Q

Neuromodulators are release by ——- and affect —— and ——

A

Neuron axon
Rate of neurotransmitter release
Cell response to neurotransmitters

52
Q

Neuromodulator effects are —- and ——-

A

Long term, slow

53
Q

2 types of neuromodulators

A

Neuropeptides

Opioids

54
Q

Postsynaptic potential spread towards—-

A

Initial segment

55
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Second depolarization starts BEFORE recovery of first and increase ACh and increase depolarization
Happening in succession

56
Q

Spatial Summation

A

2 simultaneous postsynaptic potentials occurring at SAME time but DIFFERENT places

57
Q

Presynaptic Inhibition

A

Inactivation of Ca channels of Presynaptic cell that makes it less likely to release neurotransmitter

BIOL 131 Final Exam (7 decks)

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