Chapter 12 Nervous System Flashcards by Angela Wang

Nervous System Functions

Monitor variables out and inside of body
Interpret sensory info
Creates a response

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Effectors

Glands and muscles

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Synapse

Junction where information transfer from one neuron to another

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Presynaptic neuron ——message

Post synaptic neuron—-message

Sends

Receives

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Anaxonic neuron

Looks like it has a lot of branching all around

In brain

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Multipolar neuron

Somatic motor neuron

Skeletal

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Unipolar neuron

Sensory neuron with cell body in middle but axon is uninterrupted

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Bipolar neuron

Smell and heating

Cell body in middle between dendritic process and axon

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Interneurons

Neurons that connect motor and sensory neurons

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Microgila

Phagocytes that consume debris, bacterial, and dead cells

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Ependymal cells

Simple cuboidal epithelia cells in brown and spinal cord use dfir dealing with cerebrospinal fluid

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Oligodendrocyte

Myelinated CNS axons and provide structure

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Cells found only in PNS

Satellite and Schwann cells

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Satellite cells

Protects, cushions, and regulates fluid and materials

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Schwann cells

Form myelin sheath

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Myelin

Insulating sheath that increase propagation rate

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Ganglion

Many cell bodies inside PNS

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Nucleus

Many cell bodies INSIDE CNS

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Which cell repairs axons

Schwann cells

NOT OLIGODENDROCYTES

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Cells are more ——in relation to outside

Negative

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Inside of cell is —- and outside is ——

K+

Na+ and Cl-

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When cell is at rest, it is called

Potential difference or electrochemical gradient

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Unequal distribution or charge

Transmembrane potential

Ways ions cross cell membrane

1) Leakage channel:Na and K
2) Gated Channel: voltage,chemical,mechanical
3) Na/K pump: 3Na out for every 2K in

Movement direction due to concentration gradient

Na+ into cell | k+ out of cell

Movement gradient due to electrical gradient

Positive ions move inside to more negative space (Na and K) | Negative ions move outside to more positive space (Cl- and proteins)

There are more leaky ——channels than ——-channels

K, Na

Factor that changes membrane potential from resting

1) Anything that changes permeability of membrane (opening of ion channel) 2) Change to ion concentration (opening and closing of ion channel)

Depolarized

When cell is more positive than resting potential (more than -70)

Hyper-polarized

Becomes more negative than -70 resting potential

Resting potential

-70mV

Degree of change in potential varies with 3 factors

Graded depolarization of axon hillock synaptic vesicles secreted chemical gated ion channels open

Where does action potential start

Initial segment

Where does graded potential start

Axon hillock

Action potential only moves in——and is mediated by ——- and ——

One direction,voltage gated channels, Na+/K+ ion pumps

Where does action action potential go on axons

Nodes of Ranvier

2 factors of conduction velocity for axon

1) Myelination:saltatory 2) Axon diameter:bigger=faster 3) Amount of neurons:more=slower

Type A nerve fibre description and functions

Type A:largest, biggest, fastest | Function:sends info from skin, joint, muscle to CNS and conducts info to skeletal muscle

Type B nerve fibre description

Small myelinated axon, 2nd fastest

Type C nerve fibre definition

Small UNMYELIANTED axons

Type B and C functions

Transmit information from receptors in visceral organ and from pain temp and pressure Carry instruction to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Multiple sclerosis

Immune system attacking myelin creating neurological systems

2 kinds of synapses

Electrical | Chemical

Electrical synapse qualities

LESS COMMON | Flows through channel, fast, no synaptic cleft or vesicle

Chemical Synapse

Axon terminal:excitatory neurotransmitter Receptor region on post synaptic membrane

What is Ca 2+ used for in chemical synapses

Used to trigger exocytosis if ACh

Steps of chemical synapse

1) action potential arrives and depolarizes synapse 2) ca enters synaptic cleft and triggers exocytosis of ACh 3) ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes post synaptic membrane 4) ACh is removed by AChE

Synaptic Delay

Time between arrival of AP at synaptic knob and effect on postsynaptic membrane

Synaptic Fatigue

Resynthesis and transport can’t keep pace with neurotransmitter

3 ways neurotransmitters work

1) opening chemically gated ion channel 2) indirectly through activating G protein coupled receptors 3) indirectly through activating/inhibiting intracellular enzyme/channels

Neuromodulators are release by ——- and affect —— and ——

Neuron axon Rate of neurotransmitter release Cell response to neurotransmitters

Neuromodulator effects are —- and ——-

Long term, slow

2 types of neuromodulators

Neuropeptides | Opioids

Postsynaptic potential spread towards—-

Initial segment

Temporal Summation

Second depolarization starts BEFORE recovery of first and increase ACh and increase depolarization Happening in succession

Spatial Summation

2 simultaneous postsynaptic potentials occurring at SAME time but DIFFERENT places

Presynaptic Inhibition

Inactivation of Ca channels of Presynaptic cell that makes it less likely to release neurotransmitter