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Paramedic > Chapter 13 Principles of Pharmacology: Vital Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Principles of Pharmacology: Vital Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

The early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize; also known as the effective refractory period.

A

absolute refractory period

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2
Q

The process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry or administration into systemic circulation.

A

absorption

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3
Q

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinerase

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4
Q

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter a cellular process or body function

A

active metabolite

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5
Q

The process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move the molecules against a concentration gradient

A

active transport

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6
Q

Abnormal or harmful effect to an organism caused by exposure to a chemical. It is indicated by some result such as death, a change in food or water consumption, altered body and organ weights, altered enzyme levels, or visible illness

A

adverse effect

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7
Q

The ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site

A

affinity

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8
Q

The group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cellular response

A

agonist medications

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9
Q

The state of being insensible to pain while still conscious

A

analgesia

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10
Q

An extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction involving two or more body systems

A

anaphylaxis

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11
Q

A medication that causes the inability to feel sensation

A

anesthetic

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12
Q

The group of medications that prevent endogenous or exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity

A

antagonist medications

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13
Q

The medications used to fight infection by killing the microorganisms or preventing their multiplication to allow the body’s immune system to overcome them

A

antibiotics

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14
Q

The medications used to treat fungal infections

A

antifungals

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15
Q

The medications used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms

A

antimicrobials

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16
Q

A state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within

A

automaticity

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17
Q

The percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation

A

bioavailability

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18
Q

A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body: (1) An inactive substance can become active, capable of producing desired or unwanted clinical effects. (2) An active medication can be changed into another active medication. (3) An active medication may be completely or partially inactivated. (4) A medication is transformed into a substance (active or inactive) that is easier for the body to eliminate.

A

biotransformation

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19
Q

Narrowing of the bronchial tubes

A

bronchoconstriction

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20
Q

Widening of the bronchial tubes

A

bronchodilation

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21
Q

Medications that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated; used in cases of ingestion or poisoning

A

chelating agents

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22
Q

A term used to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that release a chemical called acetylcholine

A

cholinergic

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23
Q

The grouping to which a medication belongs. Medications are grouped according to their characteristics, traits, or primary components

A

class

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24
Q

Medications that temporarily bind with cellular receptor sites, displacing agonist chemicals.

A

competitive depolarizing

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25
Q

Any condition, especially any condition of disease, that renders some particular line of treatment improper or undesirable.

A

contraindication

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26
Q

A process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes a tolerance that may be “transferred” to other medications in the same clas

A

cross-tolerance

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27
Q

Several smaller doses of a particular medication capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single larger dose of that same medication

A

cumulative action

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28
Q

A hemoprotein involved in the detoxification of many drugs

A

cytochrome P-450 system

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29
Q

The physical, behavioral, or emotional need for a medication or chemical to maintain “normal” physiologic function

A

dependence

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30
Q

The process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by an electric impulse that causes them to contract

A

dopolarization

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31
Q

A chemical or medication that decreases the performance of the central nervous system or sympathetic nervous system

A

depressant

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32
Q

A drug used in the treatment of heart failure and certain atrial dysrhythmias

A

digitalis preparation

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33
Q

The movement and transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream to tissues and cells and, ultimately, to its target receptor

A

distribution

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34
Q

A chemical that increases urinary output

A

diuretic

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35
Q

A graphic illustration of the response of a drug according to the dose administered

A

dose-response curve

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36
Q

The specified amount of a medication to be given at specific intervals

A

dosing

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37
Q

The process in which a mechanism reducing available cell receptors for a particular medication results in tolerance

A

down-regulation

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38
Q

A substance that has some therapeutic effect (such as reducing inflammation, fighting bacteria, or producing euphoria) when given in the appropriate circumstances and in the appropriate dose.

A

drug

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39
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the time a medication concentration can e expected to remain above the minimum level needed to provide the intended action

A

duration (of action)

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40
Q

Pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone

A

dystonic

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41
Q

Sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells

A

ectopic foci

42
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the ability of a medication to produce the desired effect

A

efficacy

43
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the removal of a medication or its by-products from the body

A

elimination

44
Q

Originating from within the organism (body)

A

endogenous

45
Q

Originating from outside the organism (body(

A

exogenous

46
Q

Seepage of blood and medication into the tissue surrounding the blood vessel

A

extravasation

47
Q

The process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expanded

A

facilitated diffusion

48
Q

Brief, uncoordinated, visible twitching of small muscle groups; may be caused by the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (namely, succinylcholine)

A

fasciculation

49
Q

Use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane

A

filtration

50
Q

The process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance

A

first-order elimination

51
Q

The alteration of a medication via metabolism within the gastrointestinal tract before it reaches systemic circulation

A

first-pass effect

52
Q

The unusual tolerance to the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical

A

habituation

53
Q

The time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma

A

half-life

54
Q

The percentage of red blood cells by disruption of the cell membrane

A

hemolysis

55
Q

Attracted to water molecules

A

hydrophilic

56
Q

In a pharmacologic context, abnormal susceptibility to a medication, possibly due to genetic traits or dysfunction of a metabolic enzyme, that is peculiar to an individual patient (and usually unexplained)

A

idiosyncratic

57
Q

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is no longer able to alter a cell process or body function; not pharmacologically active

A

inactive metabolite

58
Q

A circumstance that points to or shows the cause, pathology, treatment, or issue of an attack of disease; that which points out; that which serves as a guide or warning

A

indication

59
Q

One medication or chemical taken by a patient that undermines the effectiveness of another medication taken by or administered to a patient

A

interference

60
Q

Attracted to fats and lipids

A

lipophilic

61
Q

The way in which a medication produces the intended response

A

mechanism of action

62
Q

The weigh-based dose of a medication that was effective in 50% of the humans and animals tested

A

median effective dose (ED50)

63
Q

The weight-based dose of a medication that caused death in 50% of the animals tested

A

median lethal dose (LD50)

64
Q

The weight-based dose of a medication that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of animals tested

A

median toxic dose (TD50)

65
Q

A substance used to treat an illness or condition

A

medication

66
Q

A document that gives detailed information about drugs, such as the indications and uses, dosing information, precaution, contraindications, and adverse effects

A

medication monograph

67
Q

A mild to severe reaction after the first exposure to a medication or other substance , often with many of the same signs and symptoms as an immune-mediated reaction

A

medication sensitivity

68
Q

Medications that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals

A

noncompetitive antagonists

69
Q

A term used to describe drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor

A

nondepolarizing

70
Q

Uncharged

A

nonionic

71
Q

The time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective level

A

onset

72
Q

A fall in blood pressure when changing to a standing position

A

orthostatic hypotension

73
Q

The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane

A

osmosis

74
Q

Characterized by the movement of a solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane (eg, the cell wall) from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher concentration

A

osmotic

75
Q

Opposite from expected

A

paradoxical

76
Q

A chemical that binds to the receptor site but does not initiate as much cellular activity or change as other agonists do; lowers the efficacy of other agonist chemicals present at the cells

A

partial agonist

77
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the point of maximum effect of a drug

A

peak

78
Q

The biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body

A

pharmacodynamics

79
Q

The activity of medications in the body over time, such as absorption, distribution, and elimination

A

pharmacokinetics

80
Q

The scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms

A

pharmacology

81
Q

A process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and it contents

A

pinocytosis

82
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the positive and negative effects of an inactive medication on a person that are related to the person’s expectations and other factors

A

placebo effect

83
Q

A process in which medication molecules temporarily attach to proteins in the blood plasma, significantly altering medication distribution in the body

A

plasma protein binding

84
Q

The relationship between the desired response of a medication and the dose required to achieve the response

A

potency

85
Q

A specialized area in tissues that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation

A

receptor

86
Q

The period in the cell-firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulate the cell to fire another impulse

A

relative refractory period

87
Q

A severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn; may be due to a medication

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

88
Q

A medication or chemical that temporarily enhances central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system functioning

A

stimulant

89
Q

Medications administered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathomimetics

90
Q

A condition in which repeated doses of medication within a short period rapidly cause tolerance, making the medication virtually ineffective

A

tachyphylaxis

91
Q

The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose or median toxic dose; also known as the therapeutic ratio

A

therapeutic index

92
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the concentration of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular activity begins

A

threshold level

93
Q

A condition that develops following repeated use by a patient of a medication that results in decreased efficacy or potency

A

tolerance

94
Q

A clinical change caused by a medication that causes harm or discomfort to a patient; also known as adverse effect

A

untoward effect

95
Q

Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel

A

vasoconstriction

96
Q

Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel

A

vasodilation

97
Q

A classification scheme based on the mechanism of action rather than on specific medication groups

A

Vaughan-Williams classification

98
Q

The extent to which a medication will spread within the body

A

volume of distribution

99
Q

A property that indicates a material can be dissolved in water

A

water-soluble

100
Q

A process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the total amount in the body

A

zero-order elimination

Paramedic (25 decks)

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