Chapter 13 - Frontiers of Genetics

Question 0

recombinant DNA

Answer 0

used by scientists to combine genes from different organisms or species.

Question 1

biotechnology

Answer 1

the use of organisms to perform tasks for humans

type - DNA technology

Question 2

plasmids. why do scientists use them?

Answer 2

small circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that are separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome

use plasmids to move genes into bacteria
copies itself, resulting in gene sharing

Question 3

restriction enzyme

Answer 3

“cuts” the DNA molecule into fragments at specific points

Question 4

many developments in DNA technology came from ______ of the common bacterium, _________.

Answer 4

research

E. coli

Question 5

steps of gene cloning?

Answer 5

1. plasmid removed from cell
2. desired gene is inserted into the plasmid
3. becomes recombinant DNA (bc is combination of old and new DNA)
4. recombinant plasmid put back in cell 4. replicates

Question 6

restriction enzymes

Answer 6

the tools used to cut DNA (move to a new place)

protect bacteria against intruding DNA

Question 7

1. a restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments. the pieces on the outside with no pairing are called ________. 2. a DNA fragment from another source is added. 3. the fragments stick together by _______. 4 . ________ pastes the fragments together.

Answer 7

1. sticky ends
2. base pairing
3. DNA ligase

Question 8

clones

Answer 8

identical copies of a desired gene produced by cell reproduction

Question 9

genomic library?

what do scientists use to locate specific genes in the genomic library?

Answer 9

the complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism.

nucleic acid probes

Question 10

nucleic acid probe

Answer 10

a molecule that has been labeled with radioactivity (making it easy to detect)

1. probe with single stranded DNA from clones
2. probe tags to desired gene by binding to complementary sequence

Question 11

GMO

Answer 11

Genetically Modified Organism

and organism that had acquired atleast one gene by artificial means

Question 12

transgenic?

Answer 12

referred to if genetic material of GMO came from a different species

Question 13

genetically modifying plants vs animals?

Answer 13

plants - insert a plasmid containing the desired gene into the plant cell
animal - desired gene placed into fertilized egg, which is placed in female body

Question 14

PCR?

Answer 14

polymerase chain reaction -
a technique that makes identical copies of DNA molecules in large quantity and speed
(so DNA can be studied)

Question 15

Gel Electrophoresis?

Answer 15

a technique for sorting DNA fragments by length.

SHORTER fragments pass MORE QUICKLY.
LONGER fragments pass SLOWLY.

Question 16

Steps of copying DNA segments?

Answer 16

1. heat added to separated strands of DNA
2. cooled resulting in primers binding to strands
3. DNA polymerase travels down the strands, adding nucleotides
4. produces new cells (repeated)

Question 17

genetic markers?

Answer 17

the banding pattern produced by specific portions of genome

stretches of DNA that vary from person to person

Question 18

DNA fingerprint?

Answer 18

a unique, particular pattern of banding found on persons finger

Question 19

control sequences

Answer 19

two short stretches of DNA that..
control clusters of genes
are found in prokaryotes

Question 20

operon

Answer 20

cluster of genes with control sequences

Question 21

promoter

Answer 21

one of the control sequences in an operon.

is a blinding site for an enzyme needed on DNA transcription

Question 22

operator

Answer 22

second control sequence of operon.
acts like a switch - determines if RNA polymerase can attach to the promoter.

(switches promoter on and off)

Question 23

repressor

Answer 23

a protein that turns the operator off by binding to it

enables prokaryotes to match their cell chemistry

Question 24

gene expression

Answer 24

the transcription and translation of genes into proteins

Question 25

transcription factors

Answer 25

promoter sequences that regulate proteins

controlled by chemical signals in the cell

Question 26

Cellular Differentiation

Answer 26

a process where individual cells become more specialized in structure and function as the organism develops

Question 27

stem cells

Answer 27

cells that remain able to differentiate into other types of cells

Question 28

homeotic genes

Answer 28

master control genes that direct development of body parts in specific locations