Chapter 13 - Development of the Self Flashcards
What is the earliest form of self-concept?
proprioceptive feedback
mimic facial expressions
can distinguish another infant’s cries
“an embryonic body scheme”
- present from birth
What is personal agency?
responsibility for actions
learning that the parts of their body can do different things
distinguishing the self from objects
What is self-recognition? When looking in a mirror, what would children who haven’t achieved self-recognition do?
seeing yourself as you
would try and go behind the mirror to see who it is
What is the Rouge test?
put red makeup on child’s head and have them look in a mirror
some don’t care (no self-recognition)
if they have achieved self-recognition, will reach up on their own heads to touch red mark
- understand something has happened to them
What factors contribute to self-recognition?
cognitive development
- forming mental images
secure attachment
- attached 2-3 year olds reach achievement earlier
parenting style
- descriptive info, autobiographical questions, reminiscing
When does autobiographical memory become developed?
3.5
How does view of self change with age?
2 years old = categorical self
- classifications by ways people differ
- ex. age, gender
3-5 year olds = concrete/physical dimensions
- little psychological awareness
- ex. “I’m fast”
6-11 year olds = internal qualities
- shift from external attributes
What types of self-referencing concepts decrease with age?
actions physical characteristics gender citizenship/territory body image possessions likes/dislikes
What types of self-referencing concepts increase with age?
age category sense of determination sense of unity interpersonal style family role psychic style ideology/personal beliefs
How does self-concept vary by culture?
Westerners more individualistic
- comfortable being singled out
- importance of individual identity
Eastern cultures more collectivist
- respect for authority, especially parents
- happiness depends on those around them
What is self-concept?
child acknowledges and describes their qualities and sense of self
What is self-esteem?
child’s satisfaction with who they are
evaluative of worth as a person- can know your identity but not like it
based on assessment of qualities identified in self-concept
What is the best way to acknowledge behaviour to form self-confidence?
positively but situation-dependent
ex. if a child draws an ugly picture of their family but you like the colours, tell them you like the colours
genuine, not excessive positivity
When does self-esteem decline and why?
grades 7-9
person you are is changing physically and cognitively
social circumstances differ (entering middle or high school)
if self-esteem present before, it will be recovered
What is relational self-worth?
comparing the self to others
increasing the importance of peers
digital world can be harmful
How can you improve a child’s self-esteem?
be descriptive/specific in comments
reinforce self-esteem during failure
- acknowledge and encourage efforts
Describe the pathway from self-recognition to moral evaluation.
self-recognition
- ex. Rouge test
self description (concept)
self-evaluation (esteem)
self-evaluative emotions
self-regulation
- behaviour control based on societal values
moral evaluation
What are the levels of the pyramid of Piaget’s theory of moral development? (base to point)
premoral period
heteronomous morality
autonomous morality
Describe the premoral period of Piaget’s theory of moral development.
5 and under
no respect for rules, prefer to make their own
Describe the heteronomous morality phase of Piaget’s theory of moral development.
elementary years
“under the rule of another”
superior agency makes rules we need to follow
very rigid - absolute right/wrong
- understand rules but can’t yet reason on a person’s intentions (assume wrongdoing even if it was a mistake)
Describe the autonomous morality phase of Piaget’s theory of moral development.
10-11 years old
children can now make their own decisions about rules, understand they are arbitrary and that they can sometimes be broken
- ex. ambulance can speed if it is an emergency
more flexible, take into account more perspectives when making decisions
What is social cognition?
understanding of the self and others
changes with age
- due to cognitive development and emergence of role-taking skills
When does true self-recognition occur?
18-24 months
sense of present self, evolves into extended/stable sense of self
classify themselves along socially significant dimensions (categorical self)
Is self-esteem stable?
relatively yes
only temporary decline at transition to middle/high school
How does parenting affect self-esteem?
interactions with caregivers in infancy form positive or negative working models of the self
warm/responsive parenting increases self-esteem
- aloof/controlling parenting undermines it
How do children younger than 7/8 describe their friends?
in same concrete, observable terms they use to describe the self
What are the 2 phases of social description in elementary aged children?
behavioural comparison phase
- more attuned to regularities in theirs/others behaviour
psychological constructs phase
- rely on stable psychological traits to describe these patterns
What does it mean to truly “know” a person?
assume perspective
understand thoughts, feelings, motives, and intentions
What are the 2 ways in which social interactions are crucial to development?
indirect - foster growth of role-taking skills
direct - provide experience to learn what others are like
