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PS275 > Chapter 12 - Emotional Development > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Emotional Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic/primary emotions?

A

interest
distress
disgust
contentment

present at birth

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2
Q

What emotions develop between 2-7 months?

A 
anger
sadness
joy
surprise
fear
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3
Q

What are complex/secondary emotions?

A

12-24 months: self-conscious

need to be self-aware and understand individuality to feel them

embarrassment
shame
guilt
envy
pride
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4
Q

How can you tell the difference between fear and anger in facial expressions?

A

fear = eyebrows up

anger = eyebrows down

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5
Q

What are emotional display rules?

A

deciding whether to express or suppress emotions

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6
Q

What is social referencing?

A

using others emotions to guide your own

develops at 7-10 months

often guided by the primary caregiver

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7
Q

Which gender has a more difficult time with emotional regulation?

A

boys

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8
Q

What is empathy?

A

feeling the feelings of others

develops within the first year of life

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9
Q

What is emotional competence?

A

inferring emotions from others

self-awareness, taking turns

multiple emotions

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10
Q

What does it mean to feel multiple emotions?

A

feeling multiple ways about one thing

ex. happy to be going home because of the virus but anxious about online school

achieved at the same time as object conservation si developed

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11
Q

What are the 6 dimensions of temperament?

A 
fearful distress
irritable distress
positive affect
physical activity level
attention span/persistence
rhythmicity
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12
Q

What is irritable distress?

A

fussiness, crying, distress when frustrated

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13
Q

What is fearful distress?

A

wariness, distress, and withdrawal in new situations

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14
Q

What is positive affect?

A

frequency of smiling/laughing

willingness to approach/cooperate with others

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15
Q

What is physical activity level?

A

amount of gross motor activity

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16
Q

What is attention span/persistence?

A

length of time a child orients to/focuses on objects of their interest

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17
Q

What is rhythmicity?

A

regularity/predictability of bodily functions and daily routine

18
Q

What are the 4 temperament types according to Thomas and Chess profiles?

A

easy
difficult
slow to warm
exuberant

19
Q

Describe easy temperament.

A

positive mood
regular habits
adaptable

20
Q

Describe difficult temperament.

A

active
irritable
react negatively to novelty

21
Q

Describe slow to warm temperament.

A

moody
inactive
eventually adapt to novelty

22
Q

Describe exuberant temperament.

A

positive mood
social
low fear (risk takers)

23
Q

What do twin studies show about heritability of temperament?

A

moderately strong influence of genetics

24
Q

What are the 2 components of environmental influence and how do they relate to temperament?

A

shared environmental factors
- only matters for positive aspects of behaviour

non-shared environmental influences

  • only matters for negative attributes
  • ex. siblings that have different friend groups
25
Q

How does culture play a role in temperament?

A

shyness seen as a problem in Western cultures

seen as a popular trait in Eastern cultures

26
Q

Who is the main theorist behind attachment studies?

A

John Bowlby

looked at species specific behaviour

27
Q

What is attachment?

A

attachment describes a close emotional relationship between 2 people

mutual affection, desire to maintain proximity

28
Q

What are reciprocal relationships?

A

each person gets something from relationship

29
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A

anxiety/discomfort when being separated from the object of attachment
- usually mother

begins around 10 months, peaks at 14-18 months

  • around the same time of object permanence
  • realization that caregiver is still in existence when they’re not with you
30
Q

What is the strange situation?

A

experimenter introduces themselves to parent and infant in the playroom and then leaves

parent sits while baby plays

parent leaves

parent returns and greets baby, observe reaction

parent comforts and engages with baby and toys, observe reaction

many don’t show the secure behaviour that you would expect

31
Q

What are the 4 attachment styles?

A

secure
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant/ambivalent
disorganized/disoriented

32
Q

Describe the secure attachment style.

A

most common (65%)

happy/exploring when mother present
upset when mother leaves
greets warmly upon return

seeks for maternal comfort

33
Q

Describe the insecure-resistant attachment style.

A

10%

infant close to mother when playing but explores very little in her presence

upset when she leaves but ambivalent when she returns

34
Q

Describe the insecure-avoidant attachment style.

A

20%

very little distress when mother leaves

overall seems to ignore mother

35
Q

Describe the disorganized attachment style.

A

seem to both approach and avoid mother (mixed)

may act dazed or freeze

36
Q

How do parents contribute to emotional development?

A

parents model positive emotions, attend to pleasurable feelings and respond less to negative emotional displays
- to socialize emotions

37
Q

How does emotional development progress over time?

A

self-regulation begins by the end of first year

  • move from being dependent on others to regulate emotions to being able to regulate their own
  • gradually comply with culturally derived emotional display rules

ability to interpret other’s emotions improves in childhood
- aided by cognitive development and conversations about feelings

goodness of fit between parenting and temperament determine adjustment levels

38
Q

How does parent-infant bonding increase?

A

parents gear their behaviour to infant social signals

establish synchronized routines

other pleasurable sensations become secondary reinforcers

attachment objects become secure base for exploration and later multiple attachments

39
Q

What phases do infants pass through before forming their first true attachments?

A

asocial phase and then indiscriminate attachment phase

first true attachments during phase of specific attachments
- 7-9 months

40
Q

What are the 2 theories of attachment?

A

cognitive-developmental: attachments depend on cognitive development

ethological theory: pre-adapted characteristics predispose attachment formation

41
Q

When does separation anxiety decline?

A

2nd year

mature intellectually and become able to venture away from secure bases to explore

PS275 (12 decks)

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