Chapter 12 - Emotional Development Flashcards
What are the basic/primary emotions?
interest
distress
disgust
contentment
present at birth
What emotions develop between 2-7 months?
anger sadness joy surprise fear
What are complex/secondary emotions?
12-24 months: self-conscious
need to be self-aware and understand individuality to feel them
embarrassment shame guilt envy pride
How can you tell the difference between fear and anger in facial expressions?
fear = eyebrows up
anger = eyebrows down
What are emotional display rules?
deciding whether to express or suppress emotions
What is social referencing?
using others emotions to guide your own
develops at 7-10 months
often guided by the primary caregiver
Which gender has a more difficult time with emotional regulation?
boys
What is empathy?
feeling the feelings of others
develops within the first year of life
What is emotional competence?
inferring emotions from others
self-awareness, taking turns
multiple emotions
What does it mean to feel multiple emotions?
feeling multiple ways about one thing
ex. happy to be going home because of the virus but anxious about online school
achieved at the same time as object conservation si developed
What are the 6 dimensions of temperament?
fearful distress irritable distress positive affect physical activity level attention span/persistence rhythmicity
What is irritable distress?
fussiness, crying, distress when frustrated
What is fearful distress?
wariness, distress, and withdrawal in new situations
What is positive affect?
frequency of smiling/laughing
willingness to approach/cooperate with others
What is physical activity level?
amount of gross motor activity
What is attention span/persistence?
length of time a child orients to/focuses on objects of their interest
What is rhythmicity?
regularity/predictability of bodily functions and daily routine
What are the 4 temperament types according to Thomas and Chess profiles?
easy
difficult
slow to warm
exuberant
Describe easy temperament.
positive mood
regular habits
adaptable
Describe difficult temperament.
active
irritable
react negatively to novelty
Describe slow to warm temperament.
moody
inactive
eventually adapt to novelty
Describe exuberant temperament.
positive mood
social
low fear (risk takers)
What do twin studies show about heritability of temperament?
moderately strong influence of genetics
What are the 2 components of environmental influence and how do they relate to temperament?
shared environmental factors
- only matters for positive aspects of behaviour
non-shared environmental influences
- only matters for negative attributes
- ex. siblings that have different friend groups
How does culture play a role in temperament?
shyness seen as a problem in Western cultures
seen as a popular trait in Eastern cultures
Who is the main theorist behind attachment studies?
John Bowlby
looked at species specific behaviour
What is attachment?
attachment describes a close emotional relationship between 2 people
mutual affection, desire to maintain proximity
What are reciprocal relationships?
each person gets something from relationship
What is separation anxiety?
anxiety/discomfort when being separated from the object of attachment
- usually mother
begins around 10 months, peaks at 14-18 months
- around the same time of object permanence
- realization that caregiver is still in existence when they’re not with you
What is the strange situation?
experimenter introduces themselves to parent and infant in the playroom and then leaves
parent sits while baby plays
parent leaves
parent returns and greets baby, observe reaction
parent comforts and engages with baby and toys, observe reaction
many don’t show the secure behaviour that you would expect
What are the 4 attachment styles?
secure
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant/ambivalent
disorganized/disoriented
Describe the secure attachment style.
most common (65%)
happy/exploring when mother present
upset when mother leaves
greets warmly upon return
seeks for maternal comfort
Describe the insecure-resistant attachment style.
10%
infant close to mother when playing but explores very little in her presence
upset when she leaves but ambivalent when she returns
Describe the insecure-avoidant attachment style.
20%
very little distress when mother leaves
overall seems to ignore mother
Describe the disorganized attachment style.
seem to both approach and avoid mother (mixed)
may act dazed or freeze
How do parents contribute to emotional development?
parents model positive emotions, attend to pleasurable feelings and respond less to negative emotional displays
- to socialize emotions
How does emotional development progress over time?
self-regulation begins by the end of first year
- move from being dependent on others to regulate emotions to being able to regulate their own
- gradually comply with culturally derived emotional display rules
ability to interpret other’s emotions improves in childhood
- aided by cognitive development and conversations about feelings
goodness of fit between parenting and temperament determine adjustment levels
How does parent-infant bonding increase?
parents gear their behaviour to infant social signals
establish synchronized routines
other pleasurable sensations become secondary reinforcers
attachment objects become secure base for exploration and later multiple attachments
What phases do infants pass through before forming their first true attachments?
asocial phase and then indiscriminate attachment phase
first true attachments during phase of specific attachments
- 7-9 months
What are the 2 theories of attachment?
cognitive-developmental: attachments depend on cognitive development
ethological theory: pre-adapted characteristics predispose attachment formation
When does separation anxiety decline?
2nd year
mature intellectually and become able to venture away from secure bases to explore
