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PS275 > Chapter 1/2 - Intro to Developmental Psych/Theories of Human Development > Flashcards

Chapter 1/2 - Intro to Developmental Psych/Theories of Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

systematic changes that occur between conception and death

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2
Q

What is maturation?

A

process of biological change based on species

every species has pre-programmed behaviour

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3
Q

What is learning?

A

process through which our experiences produce relatively permanent changes in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

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4
Q

What it the difference between normative and idiographic development?

A

normative = typical patterns of change

idiographic = abnormal development, not preceding in typical fashion

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5
Q

What is the difference between systematic and random development?

A

systematic = development preceding in a set sequence, we can predict what will happen
- ex. biological

random = could be any reason that development occurs
- ex. environment

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6
Q

What is the purpose of a theory of development?

A

explain and predict behaviour

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7
Q

What is a theory?

A

a set of concepts and propositions that describe, organize, and explain a set of observations

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8
Q

What is the basic principle of Freud’s Psychosexual theory?

A

basic sexual and aggressive drives must be served

conflict of individual’s instinct and societal norms for behaviour

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9
Q

According to Freud, what are the 3 components of personality?

A

id
- natural instincts, satisfy biological drives

ego = rational component, find realistic way to gratify needs

superego = conscience, personalized moral development

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10
Q

What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

A

children play active role in development

important of social and cultural influences

less emphasis on sexual urges

eight life “crises” that emerge at distinct times

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11
Q

What are the 8 stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development?

A 
trust vs mistrust
- infant
autonomy vs shame
- toddler
initiative vs guilt
- pre-school
industry vs inferiority
- grade-school
identity vs role confusion
- teenager
intimacy vs isolation
- young adulthood
generativity vs stagnation
- middle adulthood
integrity vs despair
- older adulthood
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12
Q

What makes a theory good?

A

parsimonious
- can explain range of behaviours

falsifiable
- testable, able to be proven wrong

heuristic
- useful

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13
Q

What are the 3 main learning theories/theorists?

A

Watson’s behaviourism

Skinner’s radical behaviourism

Bandura’s social learning theory

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14
Q

Describe Watson’s behaviourism.

A

Locke’s tabula rasa
- children as blank slates when born, only what you teach them through reinforcement is what they learn

development is continuous and based on learning

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15
Q

Describe Skinner’s radical behaviourism.

A

principles of operant conditioning

reinforcers increase probability of behaviour occurring

punishers decrease probability of behaviours occurring again

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16
Q

Describe Bandura’s cognitive social learning theory.

A

observational learning
- learning by observing others

reciprocal determinism

  • parent-child
  • child-environment
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17
Q

What is the ethological viewpoint of development?

A

all species born with biologically programmed behaviours that are adaptive for survival
- through natural selection

18
Q

What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods?

A

critical = limited time span where developing organisms are prepared to display adapted development patterns
- provided they receive appropriate input

sensitive = time is optimal for emergence of particular or competencies
- when individual is particularly sensitive to environmental influences

19
Q

What is Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

A

environment is a series of nested structures

microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem

direct and indirect influences

20
Q

What is the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

A

relations between child and immediate environment

usually limited to family in young infants, grows as daycare/neighbourhood children are introduced

21
Q

What is the mesosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

A

connections among child’s immediate settings

interrelationships among microsystems such as home, school, peers

22
Q

What is the exosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

A

social settings that affect but do not contain the child

ex. parent’s work environment

23
Q

What is the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

A

overarching ideology of the culture

dictates how children should be treated, goals they should strive for, what they should be taught, etc.

24
Q

What is the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

A

temporal dimension

changes in the child or in any ecological context

ex. invention of smart phones

25
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

difference between what a child can accomplish alone vs with the help of others

26
Q

What is information processing theory?

A

human mind is similar to the computer
- receives input, performs operations on input, generates output

development reflects changes in hardware (CNS) and software (mental processes)

27
Q

What are the 3 main developmental study designs?

A

cross-sectional
- people of different ages studied at same point in time

longitudinal
- same participants studied repeatedly over time

sequential

  • combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional
  • people of different ages across a period of time
28
Q

What are cohort effects?

A

trends only shown in specific cohorts (groups) of people

ex. puberty onset during wartime and peacetime

29
Q

What is an example of a cohort comparison?

A

comparing 8 year olds in 2006 to 8 year olds in 2010

30
Q

What are the criticisms of psychoanalytic theories?

A

no real evidence of early conflicts affecting adult personality

31
Q

What are the criticisms of learning theories?

A

oversimplified

ignore genetic contributions

32
Q

What are the criticisms of ethological/evolutionary/ecological viewpoints?

A

hard to test

downplays importance of cultural learning

doesn’t address typical brain development

33
Q

What are the criticisms of cognitive-developmental theories?

A

underestimate children’s abilities

34
Q

What are the criticisms of information-processing theories?

A

usually employs artificial lab studies

computer model underestimates human cognition

35
Q

What is continuous vs discontinuous development?

A

continuous

  • additive and gradual
  • quantitative

discontinuous

  • series of discrete stages
  • qualitative
36
Q

What is correlational research?

A

determines if 2 things are related

37
Q

What is experimental research?

A

determine if causal relationship exists

in controlled conditions

independent and dependent variables

38
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

observing people in common, everyday surroundings

39
Q

What is observer influence?

A

tendency of participants to react to an observers presence by behaving in unusual ways

40
Q

What are Freud’s stages of psychosexual development?

A

oral

  • 0-1
  • fixation on mouth

anal

  • 1-3
  • toilet training

phaillic

  • 3-6
  • genital stimulation
  • Oedipus/Electra complex

latency

  • 6-11
  • repress sexual conflicts

genital

  • 12+
  • puberty awakens sexual urges that must be controlled in an acceptable way

PS275 (12 decks)

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