Chapter 13 Flashcards
What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic division and parasympathetic
what does the sypathetic division do?
fof
what is the parasympathetic division for
rest and digest
what do sensory nerves contain?
they only contain afferent fibers
what are afferent fibers?
Afferent neurons carry signals to the brain and spinal cord as sensory data`
what are efferent fibers
efferent neurons send signals from the brain to the muscles, glands and organs of the body in response to sensory input.
what do motor nerves contain?
motor nerves contain only efferent fibers
are most nerves mixed or just sensory/motor nerves
most of our nerves are mixed nerves.
what is the epineruium
it is the outer covering of a nerve. it is made out of collagen
what is the perineurium?
It divides the nerve into fascicles.
Endoneruium
it surrounds individual axons enclosing myelin sheath
when nerves are broken what must happen for it to regenerate?
neuron cell bodies must remain intact
Study the twelve cranial nerves
STUDY IT.
What is the function of the olfactory nerves
made to smell
what is function of the optic nerve
vision
what is function of the oculomotor
MOVEMENT OF EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES AND CONTROLS PUPIL CONSTRICTION (AND CILIARY MUSCLES),
what is function of the trochlear nerve?
MOVEMENT OF EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES
trigeminal
SENSORY PERCEPTION OF TOUCH FROM SKIN OF FACE AND SENSORY PERCEPTION FROM TEETH, ALSO MOTOR CONTROL OF MUSCLES OF MASTICATION (TEMPORALIS AND MASSETER
abducens nerve
innervation to the muscles of the eye
vestibulocochlear nerve
balance and equilibrium
hearing
vagus nerve
controls; part of pharynx ear diaphragm abdominal organs Visceral motor function ANS: parasympathetic
what is a spinal plexis
it is the mixing of multiple nerves such as, femoral obturator, COME BACK TO THIS.
what are the plexisus associated with the spine?
cervical plexus, brachial plexus,
lumbar plexus,
sacral plexus.
where does the cervical plexus go?
phrenic nerves go to the diaphragm and neck
where do the brachial plexus go?
upper limb
where do the lumbar and sacral plexus go?
lower limbs
what are sensory receptors
SENSORY RECEPTORS RESPOND TO STIMULI IN THE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND CREATE ACTION POTENTIALS SENDING THE SIGNAL ALONG THE PNS TO THE CNS
what are the general characteristics of sensory receptors?
- display specifity
- display spatial sensitivity
- code information
- have hardwired link to cns
- are adaptable
what is meant by display specify?
only stimulated by certain stimuli.
What is meant by display spatial sensitivity?
one area is monitered by just one cell.
what is meant by code information electronically
translation of signal into patterns of action potenials
what is meant by sensory receptors are adaptable
Reduction in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus
what is a phasic receptor
they Rapidly decline in sensitivity (e.g., touch receptors)
what are tonic receptors
Tonic Receptors: Show little to no decline in sensitivity (e.g., pain receptors
what are the types of receptors?
mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors and proprioceptors.
what do chemoreceptors respond to?
respond to chemicals in solution
what do nociceptors respond to?
respond to stimuli that damage tissue – perceived as pain
What is the general anatomy of a receptor?
THE RECEPTIVE END CAN BE HIGHLY VARIABLE IN ITS COMPLEXITY FROM A SIMPLE DENDRITE TO AN ENCAPSULATED NERVE ENDING TO A COMPLICATED STRUCTURE
what is a neural reflex?
rapid automatic response to stimuli.
Preserve homeostasis
time reflex activated
generates same motor
response.
Basic building blocks of neural function
Immediate reflex response does not involve the brain
Testing reflexes can help diagnose CNS problems.
what are the basic parts of a reflex arc
1; arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor 2; activation of a sensory neuron 3; information processing in cns 4; activation of motor neuron 5; response by effector
what is a monosynaptic reflex?
direct communication between sensory and motor neuron.
what is a polysynaptic reflex?
interneuron facilitates sensory motor communication.
what is a inter segmental reflex?
similar to polysynaptic but impulses go out of spinal nerves from different spinal cord segments to get a more powerful response
what is the crossed extensor reflex?
it is when you have to withdraw a foot and then also maintain balance as well.
Why are reflexes important in our everyday life?
WE USE REFLEXES EVERY DAY SO THAT WE CAN HAVE QUICK, SUBCORTICAL RESPONSES. IF WE HAD TO “THINK” ABOUT EVERYTHING BEFORE WE DID IT, THINGS LIKE DRIVING AND WALKING, ETC. WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE.
what does the conjunctiva do?
transparent mucous membrane
what does the lacrimal apparatus do?
tears
what is the cornea ?
Thick layer collagen fibers
Outer & inner epithelial layer
Nerve endings
what are the parts of the vascular tunic?
iris, ciliary body, choroid, pupil, suspensory ligaments
what is the choroid
pigmented layer – delivers nutrients to the retina
what is the ciliary body
smooth, muscular ring – controls lens shape
what is the iris
“color” of your eye; muscles constrict or dilate to change diameter of pupil
What are the parts of the neural tunic?
(retina): pigmented layer & neural layer, fovea centralis, macula lutea, optic disc, optic nerve, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors (rods & cones)`
what does the pigmented layer of the retina do?
light absorption
what does the neural layer do?
light detection
what are the two parts of the retina?
pigmented and neural layer.
what do the suspensory ligaments do?
suspend the iris
what does the fovea centralis do?
central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye. It is located in the center of the macula lutea of the retina.
what does the macula lutea do?
it preserves light information. it makes up the central vision and makes the sharpest part of our vision.
what is the optic disc?
The raised disk on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve, lacking visual receptors and so creating a blind spot.
what are rods?
light sensitive
125 million in eye
cones
color sensitive ~6 million/eye
Cones clustered in fovea of macula lutea – sharp focus
where is the aqueous humor located?
anterior body
where is the vitreous humor located?
posterior body
In which layer are the photoreceptors found?
neural layer.
what light situations are rods and cones used for
rods; dim light
cones; bright light
can rods and cones detect color
rods no
cones yes
Do rods and cones both provide a sharp image?
cones yes
rods no
Where is the concentration of rods the highest in the retina (periphery or center)?
periphery
Where is the concentration of cones the highest in the retina (periphery or center)?
the fovea centralis
What structure of the retina contains only cones?
the fovea centralis
Where do you want the image to hit the retina in order to get the sharpest possible image?
the fovea centralis
When a photon of light hits the visual pigment, what is going on at the junction of the bipolar cell and the ganglion cell once light hits the receptor – is neurotransmitter being released?
NEUROTRANSMITTER IS BEING RELEASED FROM THE BIPOLAR CELL CAUSING AN EPSP IN THE GANGLION CELL RESULTING IN AN ACTION POTENTIAL BEING SENT DOWN THE OPTIC NERVE TO THE PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX.
what is bleaching
BLEACHING IS (AFTER A PHOTON OF LIGHT HITS RHODOPSIN AND THE OPSIN CHANGES ITS FORM FROM A CIS TO A TRANS CONFIGURATION) WHEN THE OPSIN AND RETINAL SEPARATE AFTER LIGHT HAS HIT RHODOPSIN AND IT NEEDS TO BE REFORMED BEFORE THE RHODOPSIN CAN PERCEIVE A PHOTON OF LIGHT AGAIN.
why are rods seem less focused then cones
it is becuase there is only one ganglion cell to every cone and multiple rods to every ganglion cell.
Complete the blanks to describe the visual pathway. Action potentials are generated in the ____________ cells of the ____________ nerve (CN _____). The action potential is relayed through the crossover point (the ____________ _______________) to the first synapse in the ______________ (specific structure of the diencephalon). Information regarding visual reflexes is sent to the ________________ _________________ in the __________________. From here, the signal passes by way of the _____________ radiation to the ________________ lobe. What other regions of the brain work with the primary visual cortex to allow you to understand the function of a visualized object?
Complete the blanks to describe the visual pathway. Action potentials are generated in the ___ GANGLION CELLS _________ cells of the __ OPTIC__________ nerve (CN __ II___). The action potential is relayed through the crossover point (the _ OPTC___________ ______ CHIASM_________) to the first synapse in the __ THALAMUS____________ (specific structure of the diencephalon). Information regarding visual reflexes is sent to the __ SUPERIOR______________ __ COLLICULI_______________ in the ___ MIDBRAIN_______________. From here, the signal passes by way of the _ OPTIC____________ radiation to the __ OCCIPITAL______________ lobe. What other regions of the brain work with the primary visual cortex to allow you to understand the function of a visualized object? VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREAS
What is the olfactory epithelium?
pseudostratified epithelium with receptors embedded in it.
what nerve takes in olfactry information
olfactory nerve
what type of receptors are found in the nose
chemoreceptors
can chemoreceptors reproduce
yes
Are the receptor cells sensitive to small amounts of all odors?
they are extreamly sensitive and only need to sense four odor molecules inorder to trigger a stimulis
Complete the blanks to describe the olfactory pathway. If the stimulation is sufficient, an action potential is generated in the olfactory receptor cells of ______________ nerve (CN ____) which then first synapse in the ___________ ___________. From there, signals are sent to the olfactory cortex in the ___________ lobe. Along the way, information is sent to the _________ system which is why smell is so strongly associated with memory.
Complete the blanks to describe the olfactory pathway. If the stimulation is sufficient, an action potential is generated in the olfactory receptor cells of _ OLFACTORY NERVE_____________ nerve (CN __ I__) which then first synapse in the __ OLFACTORY BULB_________ ___________. From there, signals are sent to the olfactory cortex in the _ TEMPORAL__________ lobe. Along the way, information is sent to the _ LIMBIC________ system which is why smell is so strongly associated with memory.
Are gustatory receptors specialized?
yes they are
What are the papillae of the tongue?
RAISED AREAS OF THE TONGUE THAT GIVE IT SURFACE TEXTURE AND MAY CONTAIN TASTE BUDS
what are the types of papillae
circumvallate fungiform and filiform
which papillae contain tastebuds?
circumvallate and fungiform
which papillae is for friction?
filiform?
what three cranial nerves bring gustatory information to the brain?
FACIAL (CN VII), GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (CN IX), AND VAGUS (CN X)
Complete the blanks to describe the gustatory pathway. The ______________, _______ & _______________ cranial nerves receive signals from gustatory cells. If an action potential is generated, these cranial nerves will relay information to the next neuron in the solitary nucleus of the ___________ _______________. From there, the axons project to the _ _________ and then to the gustatory cortex in the _______.
Complete the blanks to describe the gustatory pathway. The _ FACIAL_____________, __ GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL_____ & __ VAGUS_____________ cranial nerves receive signals from gustatory cells. If an action potential is generated, these cranial nerves will relay information to the next neuron in the solitary nucleus of the __ MEDULLA_________ _ OBLONGATA______________. From there, the axons project to the _ THALAMUS_________ and then to the gustatory cortex in the _ INSULA (LOBE)______.
What are the three parts of the ear?
external, middle and internal`
what is the tympanic membrane
eardrum
what are the ear ossicles?
the ear ossicles are the small bones that enhance sound for the cochlea.
what is the vestibular apparatus?
THIS STRUCTURE IS DESIGNED TO MONITOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
what are the parts of the vestibular apparatus?
VESTIBULE, AMPULLAE, AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
what is the macule
the site of the hair cells (receptors) in the wall of the saccule and utricle of the inner ear. These receptors respond to changes in the pull of gravity
Which of these structures are involved in equilibrium?
THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS/COMPLEX, SEMICIRCULAR CANALS, MACULAE, CRISTAE, HAIR CELLS, BONY LABYRINTH, MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH, ENDOLYMPH AND PERILYMPH
Which of these structures are involved in hearing?
THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, EAR OSSICLES, ROUND WINDOW, OVAL WINDOW, COCHLEA, ORGAN OF CORTI, HAIR CELLS, BONY LABYRINTH, MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH, ENDOLYMPH PERILYMPH.
In a healthy individual, is the middle ear air filled or fluid filled?
air
Is the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear air filled or fluid filled?
FLUID FILLED
Complete the blanks to describe the auditory pathway. From the organ of Corti located in the ____________, mechanoreceptors known as _________ cells detect sound waves. Action potentials are relayed to the brain by the _______ nerve (CN ___). Synapses first occur in the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem before information is sent to the _______ ______________ (the mesencephalic region involved in auditory reflexes) & the diencephalic region, the _______________. From the thalamus, information is sent to the auditory cortex in the _ ___________ lobe.
Complete the blanks to describe the auditory pathway. From the organ of Corti located in the _ COCHLEA___________, mechanoreceptors known as __ HAIR_______ cells detect sound waves. Action potentials are relayed to the brain by the __ VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR_____ nerve (CN _ VIII__). Synapses first occur in the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem before information is sent to the _ INFERIOR______ __ COLLICULI____________ (the mesencephalic region involved in auditory reflexes) & the diencephalic region, the _ THALAMUS______________. From the thalamus, information is sent to the auditory cortex in the _ TEMPORAL___________ lobe.
Complete the blanks to describe the equilibrium pathway. From the vestibular apparatus/complex, mechanoreceptors known as _________ cells detect changes in position. Action potentials are relayed to the brain by the _____ nerve (CN ___). Synapses first occur in the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem before information is sent to the _________________ (region of brain important in unconscious control of motor activity – hint: contains arbor vitae) & the mesencephalic region involved in visual reflexes, the ______ _________. Information is also sent to regions of the cerebral cortex, spinal cord & other cranial nerves to create an overall awareness & integration of body position.
Complete the blanks to describe the equilibrium pathway. From the vestibular apparatus/complex, mechanoreceptors known as _ HAIR________ cells detect changes in position. Action potentials are relayed to the brain by the __ VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE___ nerve (CN _ VIII__). Synapses first occur in the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem before information is sent to the __ CEREBELLUM_______________ (region of brain important in unconscious control of motor activity – hint: contains arbor vitae) & the mesencephalic region involved in visual reflexes, the _ SUPERIOR_____ ___ COLLICULI______. Information is also sent to regions of the cerebral cortex, spinal cord & other cranial nerves to create an overall awareness & integration of body position.
go and study the parts of the eye on a diagram.
do it.
what is a ganglion cell
final output neurons of the vertebrate retina. Ganglion cells collect visual information in their dendrites from bipolar cells
what is the optic chasim
the optic chiasm, nerve fibers from half of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain.
what is the pinna
what most people would call the ear
what is the saccule
The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret.
what is the perilymph
an extracellular fluid located within the cochlea
what is the endolymph
fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
what is the membranous labrinth
The membranous labyrinth is a collection of fluid filled tubes and chambers which contain the receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing.
what is the CRISTAE
sensory organ of rotation
what is the ampullae
providing the sense of spatial orientation
what does the organ of corti do?
Resting on the basilar membrane is the organ of Corti, which contains the hair cells that give rise to nerve signals in response to sound vibrations.
