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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic

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2
Q

what does the sypathetic division do?

A

fof

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3
Q

what is the parasympathetic division for

A

rest and digest

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4
Q

what do sensory nerves contain?

A

they only contain afferent fibers

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5
Q

what are afferent fibers?

A

Afferent neurons carry signals to the brain and spinal cord as sensory data`

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6
Q

what are efferent fibers

A

efferent neurons send signals from the brain to the muscles, glands and organs of the body in response to sensory input.

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7
Q

what do motor nerves contain?

A

motor nerves contain only efferent fibers

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8
Q

are most nerves mixed or just sensory/motor nerves

A

most of our nerves are mixed nerves.

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9
Q

what is the epineruium

A

it is the outer covering of a nerve. it is made out of collagen

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10
Q

what is the perineurium?

A

It divides the nerve into fascicles.

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11
Q

Endoneruium

A

it surrounds individual axons enclosing myelin sheath

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12
Q

when nerves are broken what must happen for it to regenerate?

A

neuron cell bodies must remain intact

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13
Q

Study the twelve cranial nerves

A

STUDY IT.

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14
Q

What is the function of the olfactory nerves

A

made to smell

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15
Q

what is function of the optic nerve

A

vision

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16
Q

what is function of the oculomotor

A

MOVEMENT OF EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES AND CONTROLS PUPIL CONSTRICTION (AND CILIARY MUSCLES),

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17
Q

what is function of the trochlear nerve?

A

MOVEMENT OF EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES

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18
Q

trigeminal

A

SENSORY PERCEPTION OF TOUCH FROM SKIN OF FACE AND SENSORY PERCEPTION FROM TEETH, ALSO MOTOR CONTROL OF MUSCLES OF MASTICATION (TEMPORALIS AND MASSETER

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19
Q

abducens nerve

A

innervation to the muscles of the eye

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20
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

balance and equilibrium

hearing

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21
Q

vagus nerve

A 
controls;
part of pharynx
ear
diaphragm
 abdominal organs 
Visceral motor function
ANS: parasympathetic
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22
Q

what is a spinal plexis

A

it is the mixing of multiple nerves such as, femoral obturator, COME BACK TO THIS.

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23
Q

what are the plexisus associated with the spine?

A

cervical plexus, brachial plexus,
lumbar plexus,
sacral plexus.

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24
Q

where does the cervical plexus go?

A

phrenic nerves go to the diaphragm and neck

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25
Q

where do the brachial plexus go?

A

upper limb

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26
Q

where do the lumbar and sacral plexus go?

A

lower limbs

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27
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

SENSORY RECEPTORS RESPOND TO STIMULI IN THE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND CREATE ACTION POTENTIALS SENDING THE SIGNAL ALONG THE PNS TO THE CNS

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28
Q

what are the general characteristics of sensory receptors?

A
  • display specifity
  • display spatial sensitivity
  • code information
  • have hardwired link to cns
  • are adaptable
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29
Q

what is meant by display specify?

A

only stimulated by certain stimuli.

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30
Q

What is meant by display spatial sensitivity?

A

one area is monitered by just one cell.

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31
Q

what is meant by code information electronically

A

translation of signal into patterns of action potenials

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32
Q

what is meant by sensory receptors are adaptable

A

Reduction in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus

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33
Q

what is a phasic receptor

A

they Rapidly decline in sensitivity (e.g., touch receptors)

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34
Q

what are tonic receptors

A

Tonic Receptors: Show little to no decline in sensitivity (e.g., pain receptors

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35
Q

what are the types of receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors and proprioceptors.

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36
Q

what do chemoreceptors respond to?

A

respond to chemicals in solution

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37
Q

what do nociceptors respond to?

A

respond to stimuli that damage tissue – perceived as pain

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38
Q

What is the general anatomy of a receptor?

A

THE RECEPTIVE END CAN BE HIGHLY VARIABLE IN ITS COMPLEXITY FROM A SIMPLE DENDRITE TO AN ENCAPSULATED NERVE ENDING TO A COMPLICATED STRUCTURE

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39
Q

what is a neural reflex?

A

rapid automatic response to stimuli.

Preserve homeostasis

time reflex activated
generates same motor
response.

Basic building blocks of neural function

Immediate reflex response does not involve the brain

Testing reflexes can help diagnose CNS problems.

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40
Q

what are the basic parts of a reflex arc

A 
1; arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
2; activation of a sensory neuron
3; information processing in cns
4; activation of motor neuron
5; response by effector
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41
Q

what is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

direct communication between sensory and motor neuron.

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42
Q

what is a polysynaptic reflex?

A

interneuron facilitates sensory motor communication.

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43
Q

what is a inter segmental reflex?

A

similar to polysynaptic but impulses go out of spinal nerves from different spinal cord segments to get a more powerful response

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44
Q

what is the crossed extensor reflex?

A

it is when you have to withdraw a foot and then also maintain balance as well.

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45
Q

Why are reflexes important in our everyday life?

A

WE USE REFLEXES EVERY DAY SO THAT WE CAN HAVE QUICK, SUBCORTICAL RESPONSES. IF WE HAD TO “THINK” ABOUT EVERYTHING BEFORE WE DID IT, THINGS LIKE DRIVING AND WALKING, ETC. WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE.

46
Q

what does the conjunctiva do?

A

transparent mucous membrane

47
Q

what does the lacrimal apparatus do?

A

tears

48
Q

what is the cornea ?

A

Thick layer collagen fibers
Outer & inner epithelial layer
Nerve endings

49
Q

what are the parts of the vascular tunic?

A

iris, ciliary body, choroid, pupil, suspensory ligaments

50
Q

what is the choroid

A

pigmented layer – delivers nutrients to the retina

51
Q

what is the ciliary body

A

smooth, muscular ring – controls lens shape

52
Q

what is the iris

A

“color” of your eye; muscles constrict or dilate to change diameter of pupil

53
Q

What are the parts of the neural tunic?

A

(retina): pigmented layer & neural layer, fovea centralis, macula lutea, optic disc, optic nerve, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors (rods & cones)`

54
Q

what does the pigmented layer of the retina do?

A

light absorption

55
Q

what does the neural layer do?

A

light detection

56
Q

what are the two parts of the retina?

A

pigmented and neural layer.

57
Q

what do the suspensory ligaments do?

A

suspend the iris

58
Q

what does the fovea centralis do?

A

central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye. It is located in the center of the macula lutea of the retina.

59
Q

what does the macula lutea do?

A

it preserves light information. it makes up the central vision and makes the sharpest part of our vision.

60
Q

what is the optic disc?

A

The raised disk on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve, lacking visual receptors and so creating a blind spot.

61
Q

what are rods?

A

light sensitive

125 million in eye

62
Q

cones

A

color sensitive ~6 million/eye

Cones clustered in fovea of macula lutea – sharp focus

63
Q

where is the aqueous humor located?

A

anterior body

64
Q

where is the vitreous humor located?

A

posterior body

65
Q

In which layer are the photoreceptors found?

A

neural layer.

66
Q

what light situations are rods and cones used for

A

rods; dim light

cones; bright light

67
Q

can rods and cones detect color

A

rods no

cones yes

68
Q

Do rods and cones both provide a sharp image?

A

cones yes

rods no

69
Q

Where is the concentration of rods the highest in the retina (periphery or center)?

A

periphery

70
Q

Where is the concentration of cones the highest in the retina (periphery or center)?

A

the fovea centralis

71
Q

What structure of the retina contains only cones?

A

the fovea centralis

72
Q

Where do you want the image to hit the retina in order to get the sharpest possible image?

A

the fovea centralis

73
Q

When a photon of light hits the visual pigment, what is going on at the junction of the bipolar cell and the ganglion cell once light hits the receptor – is neurotransmitter being released?

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER IS BEING RELEASED FROM THE BIPOLAR CELL CAUSING AN EPSP IN THE GANGLION CELL RESULTING IN AN ACTION POTENTIAL BEING SENT DOWN THE OPTIC NERVE TO THE PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX.

74
Q

what is bleaching

A

BLEACHING IS (AFTER A PHOTON OF LIGHT HITS RHODOPSIN AND THE OPSIN CHANGES ITS FORM FROM A CIS TO A TRANS CONFIGURATION) WHEN THE OPSIN AND RETINAL SEPARATE AFTER LIGHT HAS HIT RHODOPSIN AND IT NEEDS TO BE REFORMED BEFORE THE RHODOPSIN CAN PERCEIVE A PHOTON OF LIGHT AGAIN.

75
Q

why are rods seem less focused then cones

A

it is becuase there is only one ganglion cell to every cone and multiple rods to every ganglion cell.

76
Q

Complete the blanks to describe the visual pathway. Action potentials are generated in the ____________ cells of the ____________ nerve (CN _____). The action potential is relayed through the crossover point (the ____________ _______________) to the first synapse in the ______________ (specific structure of the diencephalon). Information regarding visual reflexes is sent to the ________________ _________________ in the __________________. From here, the signal passes by way of the _____________ radiation to the ________________ lobe. What other regions of the brain work with the primary visual cortex to allow you to understand the function of a visualized object?

A

Complete the blanks to describe the visual pathway. Action potentials are generated in the ___ GANGLION CELLS _________ cells of the __ OPTIC__________ nerve (CN __ II___). The action potential is relayed through the crossover point (the _ OPTC___________ ______ CHIASM_________) to the first synapse in the __ THALAMUS____________ (specific structure of the diencephalon). Information regarding visual reflexes is sent to the __ SUPERIOR______________ __ COLLICULI_______________ in the ___ MIDBRAIN_______________. From here, the signal passes by way of the _ OPTIC____________ radiation to the __ OCCIPITAL______________ lobe. What other regions of the brain work with the primary visual cortex to allow you to understand the function of a visualized object? VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREAS

77
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified epithelium with receptors embedded in it.

78
Q

what nerve takes in olfactry information

A

olfactory nerve

79
Q

what type of receptors are found in the nose

A

chemoreceptors

80
Q

can chemoreceptors reproduce

A

yes

81
Q

Are the receptor cells sensitive to small amounts of all odors?

A

they are extreamly sensitive and only need to sense four odor molecules inorder to trigger a stimulis

82
Q

Complete the blanks to describe the olfactory pathway. If the stimulation is sufficient, an action potential is generated in the olfactory receptor cells of ______________ nerve (CN ____) which then first synapse in the ___________ ___________. From there, signals are sent to the olfactory cortex in the ___________ lobe. Along the way, information is sent to the _________ system which is why smell is so strongly associated with memory.

A

Complete the blanks to describe the olfactory pathway. If the stimulation is sufficient, an action potential is generated in the olfactory receptor cells of _ OLFACTORY NERVE_____________ nerve (CN __ I__) which then first synapse in the __ OLFACTORY BULB_________ ___________. From there, signals are sent to the olfactory cortex in the _ TEMPORAL__________ lobe. Along the way, information is sent to the _ LIMBIC________ system which is why smell is so strongly associated with memory.

83
Q

Are gustatory receptors specialized?

A

yes they are

84
Q

What are the papillae of the tongue?

A

RAISED AREAS OF THE TONGUE THAT GIVE IT SURFACE TEXTURE AND MAY CONTAIN TASTE BUDS

85
Q

what are the types of papillae

A

circumvallate fungiform and filiform

86
Q

which papillae contain tastebuds?

A

circumvallate and fungiform

87
Q

which papillae is for friction?

A

filiform?

88
Q

what three cranial nerves bring gustatory information to the brain?

A

FACIAL (CN VII), GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (CN IX), AND VAGUS (CN X)

89
Q

Complete the blanks to describe the gustatory pathway. The ______________, _______ & _______________ cranial nerves receive signals from gustatory cells. If an action potential is generated, these cranial nerves will relay information to the next neuron in the solitary nucleus of the ___________ _______________. From there, the axons project to the _ _________ and then to the gustatory cortex in the _______.

A

Complete the blanks to describe the gustatory pathway. The _ FACIAL_____________, __ GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL_____ & __ VAGUS_____________ cranial nerves receive signals from gustatory cells. If an action potential is generated, these cranial nerves will relay information to the next neuron in the solitary nucleus of the __ MEDULLA_________ _ OBLONGATA______________. From there, the axons project to the _ THALAMUS_________ and then to the gustatory cortex in the _ INSULA (LOBE)______.

90
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

external, middle and internal`

91
Q

what is the tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

92
Q

what are the ear ossicles?

A

the ear ossicles are the small bones that enhance sound for the cochlea.

93
Q

what is the vestibular apparatus?

A

THIS STRUCTURE IS DESIGNED TO MONITOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

94
Q

what are the parts of the vestibular apparatus?

A

VESTIBULE, AMPULLAE, AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

95
Q

what is the macule

A

the site of the hair cells (receptors) in the wall of the saccule and utricle of the inner ear. These receptors respond to changes in the pull of gravity

96
Q

Which of these structures are involved in equilibrium?

A

THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS/COMPLEX, SEMICIRCULAR CANALS, MACULAE, CRISTAE, HAIR CELLS, BONY LABYRINTH, MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH, ENDOLYMPH AND PERILYMPH

97
Q

Which of these structures are involved in hearing?

A 
THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, 
EAR OSSICLES,
 ROUND WINDOW, OVAL WINDOW, COCHLEA, 
ORGAN OF CORTI,
 HAIR CELLS, 
BONY LABYRINTH, MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH, ENDOLYMPH PERILYMPH.
98
Q

In a healthy individual, is the middle ear air filled or fluid filled?

A

air

99
Q

Is the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear air filled or fluid filled?

A

FLUID FILLED

100
Q

Complete the blanks to describe the auditory pathway. From the organ of Corti located in the ____________, mechanoreceptors known as _________ cells detect sound waves. Action potentials are relayed to the brain by the _______ nerve (CN ___). Synapses first occur in the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem before information is sent to the _______ ______________ (the mesencephalic region involved in auditory reflexes) & the diencephalic region, the _______________. From the thalamus, information is sent to the auditory cortex in the _ ___________ lobe.

A

Complete the blanks to describe the auditory pathway. From the organ of Corti located in the _ COCHLEA___________, mechanoreceptors known as __ HAIR_______ cells detect sound waves. Action potentials are relayed to the brain by the __ VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR_____ nerve (CN _ VIII__). Synapses first occur in the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem before information is sent to the _ INFERIOR______ __ COLLICULI____________ (the mesencephalic region involved in auditory reflexes) & the diencephalic region, the _ THALAMUS______________. From the thalamus, information is sent to the auditory cortex in the _ TEMPORAL___________ lobe.

101
Q

Complete the blanks to describe the equilibrium pathway. From the vestibular apparatus/complex, mechanoreceptors known as _________ cells detect changes in position. Action potentials are relayed to the brain by the _____ nerve (CN ___). Synapses first occur in the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem before information is sent to the _________________ (region of brain important in unconscious control of motor activity – hint: contains arbor vitae) & the mesencephalic region involved in visual reflexes, the ______ _________. Information is also sent to regions of the cerebral cortex, spinal cord & other cranial nerves to create an overall awareness & integration of body position.

A

Complete the blanks to describe the equilibrium pathway. From the vestibular apparatus/complex, mechanoreceptors known as _ HAIR________ cells detect changes in position. Action potentials are relayed to the brain by the __ VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE___ nerve (CN _ VIII__). Synapses first occur in the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem before information is sent to the __ CEREBELLUM_______________ (region of brain important in unconscious control of motor activity – hint: contains arbor vitae) & the mesencephalic region involved in visual reflexes, the _ SUPERIOR_____ ___ COLLICULI______. Information is also sent to regions of the cerebral cortex, spinal cord & other cranial nerves to create an overall awareness & integration of body position.

102
Q

go and study the parts of the eye on a diagram.

A

do it.

103
Q

what is a ganglion cell

A

final output neurons of the vertebrate retina. Ganglion cells collect visual information in their dendrites from bipolar cells

104
Q

what is the optic chasim

A

the optic chiasm, nerve fibers from half of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain.

105
Q

what is the pinna

A

what most people would call the ear

106
Q

what is the saccule

A

The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret.

107
Q

what is the perilymph

A

an extracellular fluid located within the cochlea

108
Q

what is the endolymph

A

fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

109
Q

what is the membranous labrinth

A

The membranous labyrinth is a collection of fluid filled tubes and chambers which contain the receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing.

110
Q

what is the CRISTAE

A

sensory organ of rotation

111
Q

what is the ampullae

A

providing the sense of spatial orientation

112
Q

what does the organ of corti do?

A

Resting on the basilar membrane is the organ of Corti, which contains the hair cells that give rise to nerve signals in response to sound vibrations.

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (6 decks)

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