Ch. 12 Flashcards
Where is the CSF reintroduced to the blood?
arachnoid villi/granulations drain into the dural sinus.
What structure separates the frontal from the parietal lobe?
the central sulcus
what are the sections of the brain exterior to interior
grey matter/cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal nuclei.
what is the cerebral cortex?
IT IS A 2-4 mm THICK LAYER OF GRAY MATTER ON THE SUPERFICIAL SURFACE OF THE BRAIN.
IT IS WHERE ALL CONSCIOUS BEHAVIOR, SENSATIONS, MEMORIES, PERSONALITY, INTELLECT, ETC. ARE FORMED/PERCEIVED.
what is the cerbral cortex made up of?
CELL BODIES, DENDRITES, AND UNMYELINATED AXONS (NEUROGLIA ALSO)
where is the olfactory sense based?
temporal
where is the visual sense based
occipital lobe
where is the auditory sense based
temporal
gustatory sense based
insula
insula
the interior lobe behind the temporal lobe
Where is the PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
FRONTAL LOBE (PRECENTRAL GYRUS)
where is the SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
postcentral gyrus
What is the primary motor reflex?
CONSCIOUS MOTOR (MUSCLE) ACTIVITY IS INITIATED.
What does the somatosensory motor cortex do?
SENSORY PERCEPTION OF SENSATIONS FELT BY THE BODY (TOUCH, PRESSURE, PAIN, ETC.) AND THIS AREA IS MAPPED TO THE CORTEX – EACH REGION OF THE CORTEX CORRESPONDS TO A SPECIFIC REGION OF THE BODY.
what are association areas generally?
a region of the cortex of the brain that connects sensory and motor areas, and that is thought to be concerned with higher mental activities.
what are the parts of the brain that control movement
CEREBRAL CORTEX – PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX AND PREMOTOR CORTEX, BROCA’S AREA, THALAMUS, BASAL NUCLEI, CEREBELLUM, VESTIBULAR APPARATUS (EAR), AND THE RETICULAR FORMATION
what is the reticular formation?
a diffuse network of nerve pathways in the brainstem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum, and cerebellum, and mediating the overall level of consciousness.
what is the premotor cortex used for?
A COORDINATED ACTIVITY, THE “PLAN” OF THE MOVEMENT IS INITIATED IN THE PREMOTOR CORTEX
what does the anterior association area do?
Intelligence & judgment & concern
Complex learning
Recall
Personality
what does the posterior area do?
-Pattern recognition
-Spatial recognition
-Sensory grouping
-General interpretation area:
Wernicke’s area: speech choose words and understand language.
what does the limbic association area do
Processes emotions related to personal/social interactions.
what are the two broad types of memory
fact and skill
structures involved in storing memories
amygdala & hippocampus
Basal nuclei (procedural)
Cerebral cortex & thalamus
Prefrontal cortex/Anterior A.A.
what are the types of memory ?
fact
skills
motor memory, learned motor behaviors
emotional memory: learned emotional responese
what are the stages of memory
SHORT TERM MEMORY (WORKING MEMORY), SECONDARY MEMORY (SHORTER, LONG TERM MEMORY) AND TERTIARY MEMORY (“FOREVER” MEMORY).
how long do short term memories last
a minute
what parts of the body are essential for building memories
LIMBIC SYSTEM, CEREBRAL CORTEX, THALAMUS, AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (ANTERIOR ASSOCIATION AREA). ALSO, BASAL NUCLEI, CEREBELLUM, AND PREMOTOR CORTEX FOR SKILL MEMORIES.
what can enhance memory?
ENTHUSIASM/EXCITEMENT, REHEARSAL/REPETITION, AND ASSOCIATING OLD INFORMATION WITH NEW INFORMATION.
what is the name of something when it is converted from a short term memory to a long term memory?
consolidation
where are fact memories stored
cerebral cortex
where are skill memories stored
cerebellum
where are visual memories stored
visual association area of cerebral cortex
where are auditory memories stored
auditory association area of cerebral cortex
taste
gustatory association area of cerebral cortex
what does the left hemisphere compute?
LEFT IS OFTEN MATH, LANGUAGE (READING & WRITING), LOGIC, DECISION MAKING, VERBAL MEMORY.
what does the right hemisphere do?
SENSORY AND SPATIAL, EMOTIONAL, SHAPES, ARTISTIC AND MUSICAL.
what is the split of capabilities of the mind called?
lateralization
which side of the brain is dominant?
left
broca’s area
is the motor control of speech
wernicke’s area
CHOOSING WORDS TO SPEAK OR WRITE AND ALSO UNDERSTANDING SPOKEN, HEARD, AND WRITTEN WORDS
what do association fibers do?
they transfer information from one section of the brain to another.
what are the the general fiber types of the corpus collosum
COMMISSURAL fibers
where are the basal nuclei
at the base of the cerebrum
what do basal nuclei do?
THEY FUNCTION TO PROVIDE SUBCONSCIOUS CONTROL OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITIES. THEY ENHANCE COORDINATION, REGULATE INTENSITY OF MOVEMENTS, AND INHIBIT EXCESSIVE MOVEMENTS.
what do projection fibers do?
send information up to the cerebral cortex and back out
what does the thalamus do?
it relays all sensory information in and out
what does the hypothalamus do?
controls all of the body’s homeostatsis
- endocrine
- water balence and thirst
- sleep wake cycles
- regulates temperatures
- regulates the body’s physical reaction to emotion
- regulated food intake
what are the functions of the limbic system
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES AND CONTROL, AND IN THE FORMATION OF MEMORIES.
the primary parts of the limbic system are?
amygdala, hippocampus and the hypothalamus
what are the parts of the brainstem?
MIDBRAIN), PONS, MEDULLA OBLONGATA
what does the brainstem control?
visual and auditory reflexes
- cardiovascular function
- respiratory function
which major visceral reflex centers are located in the medulla?
cardiovascular and respiratory centers
what does the pons hold?
the visceral motor area for respiration
where does information from the pons go?
to the cerebrum and back again
what does the inferior canaliculi do?
auditory reflexes
what do the superior canaliculi do?
visual reflexes
what is the function of the reticular activation system
to activate the cerebrum and put it into consciousness
where is the RAS nuclei
the brainstem
what type of sense does the RAS not recieve
olfactory
how much information does the RAS filter out
99%
what is the function of the cerebellum?
IT IS INVOLVED IN SUBCONSIOUSLY COORDINATING SKELETAL MUSCLE MOVEMENTS.
how does it the cerebellum subconsciously coordinate skeletal muscle movements?
IT DOES THIS BY RECEIVING SENSORY INPUT ABOUT BODY POSITION AND INTEGRATES THAT AND SENDS INFORMATION TO CEREBRUM WITH ANY “CORRECTIONS” TO BE MADE TO ENHANCE COORDINATION.
where does the cerebellum get its info?
PROPRIOCEPTORS IN MUSCLES, TENDONS, AND JOINTS. ALSO FROM INNER EAR
what are the cranial meninges
they are the dura the arachnoid and pia mater
how do they cranial meninges protect the brain?
tHEY ARE FIBROUS AND ACT AS AN OUTER “WRAPPING” TO PROTECT THE DELICATE SURFACE OF THE BRAIN. ALSO BETWEEN THE LAYERS, THEY HOLD THE CSF, ANOTHER PROTECTION (FLUID). THE DURA MATER ALSO FORMS DURAL FOLDS WHICH DIVE DEEP INTO THE FISSURES HOLDING THE BRAIN IN PLACE.
what is the blood brain barrier composed of?
Astrocytes
where are there breaks in the blood brain barrier
there are breaks in the blood brain barrier where very specific things need to get in or out such as hormones fro the pituitary or pineal glands or Hypothalamus.
where does the spinal cord proper end?
L1-L2 where the cauda equina begins
why are there enlargements in the spinal cord
the cervical elargment and the lumbar enlargment are there to deal with the increased amount of nerves coming in at that area of the spine due to the limbs
what structures emerge laterally from the spine
spinal nerves
what structures protect the spinal cord?
VERTEBRAE (BONE), FAT (ADIPOSE TISSUE), MENINGES: DURA MATER, ARACHNOID MATER, AND PIA MATER (CONNECTIVE TISSUE)
what structure are sensory neurons?
unipolar
what structure are motor neurons?
multipolar
Where are the axons of the sensory neurons?
dorsal root and spinal nerve
where are the cell bodies of the neurons located
ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) HORN
Where are the soma of the motor neurons located?
VENTRAL ROOT AND SPINAL NERVE
Through which spinal root does information travel out?
VENTRAL ROOT
label the parts of the spinal cord
do it
Where do the motor neurons synapse with interneurons?
VENTRAL HORN
How many neurons make up the sensory chain that brings sensory information to the primary somatosensory cortex?
3
where are the first order neuron cell bodies?
dorsal root ganglion
where are the second and third order neuron bodies?
thalamus
name the tracts on the spinal cord
do it
What type of information travels across Dorsal column-medial lemniscal and Spinothalamic fiber tracts?
TOUCH, TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, VIBRATION, AND PAIN
where do the Dorsal column medial lemniscal and spinothalamic tracts end?
cerebral cortex in primary somatosensory complex
what type of info does the spinocerebellar tract carry
proprioception body positioning.
where does the proprioception information go?
cerebellum
Why are we not aware of the information that goes into the cerebellum?
it is sub cortical meaning that information cannot be communicated directly to the brain.
At least how many neurons are involved in the simplest descending somatic motor pathways?
the upper motor neuron and the lower motor neuron
Where are the cell bodies and axons of the upper and lower motor neurons in the somatic motor pathways?
upper motor neuron, cerebrum
lower motor neuron, spinal cord
What is the name of the major somatic motor pathway of which we have consciousness?
PYRAMIDAL PATHWAY
Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neuron?
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX IN CEREBRUM
where do a majority of the fibers cross?
pyramid of the medulla oblongata
what is an effector?
an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus
what is meant by extrapyramidal?
subconscious
what is the extrapyramidal motor system?
it is the system that subconsciously fine tunes motor control.
what does extrapyramidal motor system do?
influences conscious motor movement and smooths it out.
what parts of the brain are involved in the extrapyramidal motor system?
BASAL NUCLEI, CEREBELLUM, THALAMUS, VESTIBULAR APPARATUS (EAR), AND RETICULAR FORMATION
what is the function of the choroid plexis’
it’s a gland that produces the CSF.
what is procedural memory?
They are memories such as how to use a knife, ride a bike, walking and talking.
what are interneurons
A neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons think of the diagram where the sensory neurons are connected to the motor neurons. Used with reflexes.
what is the vestibular apparatus?
it is a organ in the inner ear that helps deal with balance.
